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築く

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
築
きず
Grade: 5
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
塑

From Old Japanese, attested in the Izumo Fudoki completed in 733.[1]

By surface analysis, 杵 (ki, “mallet, pounder, pestle”, from which きね (kine) “pestle” is also derived[2]) +‎ 築く (tsuku, “to build up, to pile up, to amass”, see below),[1][3] for a base sense of “to make something using a pounder or mallet”,[1] much as when building up rammed earth or stonework.

This term as 杵 (ki, “pounder”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) then underwent conflation with, or was reanalysed as, 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) with a basic sense of “to construct”. This latter derivation is given as the only etymology in some references.[4][5][6] However, the “to construct” sense is attested centuries later in 1081.[1] Moreover, the “castle, fortress” sense for the initial ki- element was pronounced in Old Japanese as /ki2/, while the “pounder, mallet” sense was pronounced /ki1/.[1]

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「築く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		築く きずく [kìzúꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 築け きずけ [kìzúꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる きずかれる [kìzúkáréꜜrù]
Causative 築かせる きずかせる [kìzúkáséꜜrù]
Potential 築ける きずける [kìzúkéꜜrù]
Volitional 築こう きずこー [kìzúkóꜜò]
Negative 築かない きずかない [kìzúkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 築かなかった きずかなかった [kìzúkáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 築きます きずきます [kìzúkímáꜜsù]
Perfective 築いた きずいた [kìzúꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 築いて きずいて [kìzúꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 築けば きずけば [kìzúꜜkèbà]

Verb

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築(きず)く • (kizuku) ←きづく (kiduku)?transitive godan (stem 築(きず)き (kizuki), past 築(きず)いた (kizuita))

  1. [from 733] to build up
  2. [from 1081] to construct (a castle, fort, etc.)
Conjugation
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Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 築か きずか kizuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 築き きずき kizuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 築く きずく kizuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 築く きずく kizuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 築け きずけ kizuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 築け きずけ kizuke
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる きずかれる kizukareru
Causative 築かせる
築かす 		きずかせる
きずかす 		kizukaseru
kizukasu
Potential 築ける きずける kizukeru
Volitional 築こう きずこう kizukō
Negative 築かない きずかない kizukanai
Negative continuative 築かず きずかず kizukazu
Formal 築きます きずきます kizukimasu
Perfective 築いた きずいた kizuita
Conjunctive 築いて きずいて kizuite
Hypothetical conditional 築けば きずけば kizukeba
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 築か きづか kiduka
Continuative (連用形) 築き きづき kiduki
Terminal (終止形) 築く きづく kiduku
Attributive (連体形) 築く きづく kiduku
Realis (已然形) 築け きづけ kiduke
Imperative (命令形) 築け きづけ kiduke
Key constructions
Negative 築かず きづかず kidukazu
Contrasting conjunction 築けど きづけど kidukedo
Causal conjunction 築けば きづけば kidukeba
Conditional conjunction 築かば きづかば kidukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 築きき きづきき kidukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 築きけり きづきけり kidukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 築きつ きづきつ kidukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 築きぬ きづきぬ kidukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 築けり
築きたり		 きづけり
きづきたり		 kidukeri
kidukitari
Volitional 築かむ きづかむ kidukamu

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
築
つ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Cognate with Japanese 突く (tsuku).[8][4][5][6]

Verb

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築(つ)く • (tsuku) transitive godan (stem 築(つ)き (tsuki), past 築(つ)いた (tsuita))

  1. [from 712] to build up, to pile up, to amass
Conjugation
[edit]
Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 築か つか tsuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 築き つき tsuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 築く つく tsuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 築く つく tsuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 築け つけ tsuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 築け つけ tsuke
Key constructions
Passive 築かれる つかれる tsukareru
Causative 築かせる
築かす 		つかせる
つかす 		tsukaseru
tsukasu
Potential 築ける つける tsukeru
Volitional 築こう つこう tsukō
Negative 築かない つかない tsukanai
Negative continuative 築かず つかず tsukazu
Formal 築きます つきます tsukimasu
Perfective 築いた ついた tsuita
Conjunctive 築いて ついて tsuite
Hypothetical conditional 築けば つけば tsukeba
Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 築か つか tuka
Continuative (連用形) 築き つき tuki
Terminal (終止形) 築く つく tuku
Attributive (連体形) 築く つく tuku
Realis (已然形) 築け つけ tuke
Imperative (命令形) 築け つけ tuke
Key constructions
Negative 築かず つかず tukazu
Contrasting conjunction 築けど つけど tukedo
Causal conjunction 築けば つけば tukeba
Conditional conjunction 築かば つかば tukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 築きき つきき tukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 築きけり つきけり tukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 築きつ つきつ tukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 築きぬ つきぬ tukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 築けり
築きたり		 つけり
つきたり		 tukeri
tukitari
Volitional 築かむ つかむ tukamu

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  8. ^ “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
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