こごえる
Appearance
Japanese
[edit]Alternative spelling |
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凍える |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) こごえる [kògóérú] (Heiban – [0])[1][2][3]
- (Tokyo) こごえる [kògóéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- IPA(key): [ko̞ɡo̞e̞ɾɯ̟]
Verb
[edit]こごえる • (kogoeru) intransitive ichidan (stem こごえ (kogoe), past こごえた (kogoeta))
- to freeze, to be cold
- 1977, “津軽海峡・冬景色 (Tsugaru Kaikyō Fuyugeshiki) [Tsugaru Strait Winter Scenery]”, 阿久悠 (Aku Yū) [Yū Aku] (lyrics), performed by 石川さゆり (Ishikawa Sayuri) [Sayuri Ishikawa]:
Usage notes
[edit]凍える (kogoeru) is often used for body parts (of living organisms) to freeze, while 凍る (kōru) is often used for objects (e.g. water freezes).
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "こごえる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | こごえ | kogoe | ||
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | こごえ | kogoe | ||
Shūshikei ("terminal") | こごえる | kogoeru | ||
Rentaikei ("attributive") | こごえる | kogoeru | ||
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | こごえれ | kogoere | ||
Meireikei ("imperative") | こごえよ¹ こごえろ² |
kogoeyo¹ kogoero² | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | こごえられる | kogoerareru | ||
Causative | こごえさせる こごえさす |
kogoesaseru kogoesasu | ||
Potential | こごえられる こごえれる³ |
kogoerareru kogoereru³ | ||
Volitional | こごえよう | kogoeyō | ||
Negative | こごえない こごえぬ こごえん |
kogoenai kogoenu kogoen | ||
Negative continuative | こごえず | kogoezu | ||
Formal | こごえます | kogoemasu | ||
Perfective | こごえた | kogoeta | ||
Conjunctive | こごえて | kogoete | ||
Hypothetical conditional | こごえれば | kogoereba | ||
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential |
References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN