ὕπαρ

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *súpr̥, generalized from the zero-grade of an r/n-stem of *swep- (“to sleep”) +‎ *-r̥, whence also ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”). Originally "sleep, dream"; the opposition to ὄναρ (ónar, “deceiving dream”), led to the meaning "true dream", whence "reality". The r-stem appears also in Hittite 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /⁠supparwanz(a)⁠/, “sleepy(?)”) and in Latin sopor (“deep sleep, catalepsy”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hý.par/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)y.par/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.par/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.par/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.par/

Noun

ὕπᾰρ • (húpar) n (genitive —); third declension

reality, real appearance seen in a state of waking
Antonym: ὄναρ (ónar)

Usage notes

This noun is only attested in nom. sg.

References

“ὕπαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὕπαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὕπαρ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὕπαρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὕπαρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ὕπαρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1532
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789