ἄρτος

See also: άρτος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Of unknown origin, though likely borrowed from a substrate. Compare Basque arto (“id”), Old Spanish artal (“a type of empanada”). Pisani's derivation as a borrowing from Proto-Iranian *arta- (“flour”), and thus connection to Persian (ârd, “id”), is less likely, as the Greek word was already attested in Mycenean and is unable to be formally derived from the same Indo-European root that the Iranian stems from.^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ár.tos/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈar.tos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈar.tos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈar.tos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈar.tos/

Noun

ᾰ̓́ρτος • (ắrtos) m (genitive ᾰ̓́ρτου); second declension

a cake or loaf of wheat bread
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.343–344:
  ἄρτον τ᾽ οὖλον ἑλὼν περικαλλέος ἐκ κανέοιο
  καὶ κρέας, ὥς οἱ χεῖρες ἐχάνδανον ἀμφιβαλόντι·
  árton t’ oûlon helṑn perikalléos ek kanéoio
  kaì kréas, hṓs hoi kheîres ekhándanon amphibalónti;
  having taken a whole loaf of bread out of a very beautiful basket,
  and meat, as much as his hands could hold in their grasp:
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.119–120:
  Ἀμφίνομος δὲ
  ἄρτους ἐκ κανέοιο δύω παρέθηκεν ἀείρας
  Amphínomos dè
  ártous ek kanéoio dúō paréthēken aeíras
  And Amphinomus
  placed two loaves of bread before [him], having taken [them] out of a basket.
(collectively) bread

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ ᾰ̓́ρτος; τοῦ ᾰ̓́ρτου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ᾰ̓́ρτος ho ắrtos	τὼ ᾰ̓́ρτω tṑ ắrtō	οἱ ᾰ̓́ρτοι hoi ắrtoi
Genitive	τοῦ ᾰ̓́ρτου toû ắrtou	τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρτοιν toîn ắrtoin	τῶν ᾰ̓́ρτων tôn ắrtōn
Dative	τῷ ᾰ̓́ρτῳ tôi ắrtōi	τοῖν ᾰ̓́ρτοιν toîn ắrtoin	τοῖς ᾰ̓́ρτοις toîs ắrtois
Accusative	τὸν ᾰ̓́ρτον tòn ắrton	τὼ ᾰ̓́ρτω tṑ ắrtō	τοὺς ᾰ̓́ρτους toùs ắrtous
Vocative	ᾰ̓́ρτε ắrte	ᾰ̓́ρτω ắrtō	ᾰ̓́ρτοι ắrtoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Antonyms

μᾶζα (mâza, “barley bread”)

Derived terms

ἀρτοδότης (artodótēs, “giver of bread”)
ἀρτοζήτης (artozḗtēs, “one who begs for bread”)
ἀρτοθήκη (artothḗkē, “pantry, bread-basket”)
ἀρτοκάπηλος (artokápēlos, “bread-seller”)
ἀρτόκλασμα (artóklasma, “morsel of bread”)
ἀρτοκοπεῖον (artokopeîon, “bakery, boulangerie”)
ἀρτοκοπία (artokopía, “baking”)
ἀρτοκοπικός (artokopikós, “belonging to a baker”)
ἀρτοκόπισσα (artokópissa, “female baker”)
ἀρτοκόπος (artokópos, “baker”)
ἀρτόκρεας (artókreas, “bread and meat”)
ἀρτολάγανον (artoláganon, “a type of savoury cake”)
ἀρτολάγυνος (artolágunos, “with bread and wine”)
ἀρτόμελι (artómeli, “poultice of bread and honey”)
ἀρτοπίναξ (artopínax, “bread platter”)
ἀρτοποιέω (artopoiéō, “to bake, make into bread”)
ἀρτοποιΐα (artopoiḯa, “a baking”)
ἀρτοποιϊκός (artopoiïkós, “of or for baking”)
ἀρτοποιός (artopoiós, “bread-maker”)
ἀρτόπονος (artóponos, “one who bakes loaves”) (epithet)
ἀρτοποπέω (artopopéō, “to be a baker”)
ἀρτοπόπος (artopópos, “baker”)
ἀρτοπράτης (artoprátēs, “dealer in bread”)
ἀρτοπτεῖον (artopteîon, “place or vessel for baking”)
ἀρτόπτης (artóptēs, “pan for baking bread”)
ἀρτοπτίκιος (artoptíkios, “baked in a pan”)
ἀρτοπωλέω (artopōléō, “to deal in bread”)
ἀρτοπώλης (artopṓlēs, “baker, bread-seller”)
ἀρτοπωλία (artopōlía, “dealing in bread”)
ἀρτοπωλικόν (artopōlikón, “a tax on bakeries”)
ἀρτοπώλιον (artopṓlion, “baker's shop, bakery”)
ἀρτόπωλις (artópōlis, “bread-woman, female baker”)
ἀρτοσιτέω (artositéō, “to eat wheaten bread”)
ἀρτοσιτία (artositía, “feeding on bread”)
ἀρτοστάσιον (artostásion, “fee for weighing bread”)
ἀρτοστροφέω (artostrophéō, “to turn bread (as in baking)”)
ἀρτότυρος (artóturos, “bread and cheese”)
ἀρτουργός (artourgós, “baker”)
ἀρτοφαγέω (artophagéō, “to eat bread”)
ἀρτοφάγος (artophágos, “bread-eater; a rodent”)
ἀρτοφοῖνιξ (artophoînix, “cake of bread and dates”)
ἀρτοφόριον (artophórion, “bread-basket; festival”)
ἀρτοφόρος (artophóros, “holding bread”)
ἀρτόχαρις (artókharis, “a type of cake”)

Descendants

Greek: άρτος (ártos)
⇒ Translingual: Encephalartos

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρτος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 143