ἀδικέω

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• ἀδικήω (adikḗō) — Aeolic
• ἀδικίω (adikíō) — Doric

Etymology

From ἄδικος (ádikos, “wrong, unjust”) +‎ -έω (-éō, stative suffix).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /a.di.ké.ɔː/ → /a.ðiˈce.o/ → /a.ðiˈce.o/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /a.di.ké.ɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /a.diˈke.o/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /a.ðiˈce.o/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /a.ðiˈce.o/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /a.ðiˈce.o/

Verb

ᾰ̓δῐκέω • (ădĭkéō)

1. (intransitive) to be in the wrong, to have sinned, to have broken the law
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1368B.6
   • 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 1059
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 85
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 749
   • 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 19B
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.1.1
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 344C
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 409A
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Rhetoric 1389B.7
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.145
   • 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 188A
   • 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 175
   • 423 BCE, Aristophanes, The Clouds 25
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 1123B.32
2. (transitive) to do one wrong, to wrong one, to injure [with accusative ‘someone’], to break the law
   • 680 BCE – 645 BCE, Archilochus, Supplement 2.13
   • 630 BCE – 570 BCE, Sappho, Collected Works 1.20
   • 540 BCE – 450 BCE, Epicharmus, Collected Works 286
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.112
   • 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, The Farmer 30
   • 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 460
   • 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 129
   • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Leptines 124
   • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 854E
   • 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 174
   • 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 265
   • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 84
   • 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 196B
   • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Third Tetralogy 4.9
   • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 359A
   • New Testament, Second Epistle of Peter 2:13

Usage notes

One Boeotian present passive participle form, ἀδικείμενος (adikeímenos), has been attested. It is possibly from a reconstructed form *ἀδίκειμι (*adíkeimi). The Cretan subjunctive perfect form ἀδικέκει (adikékei) is also attested.

Inflection

   Present: ἀδῐκέω, ἀδῐκέομαι (Uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀδῐκέω	ἀδῐκέεις	ἀδῐκέει	ἀδῐκέετον	ἀδῐκέετον	ἀδῐκέομεν	ἀδῐκέετε	ἀδῐκέουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκέω	ἀδῐκέῃς	ἀδῐκέῃ	ἀδῐκέητον	ἀδῐκέητον	ἀδῐκέωμεν	ἀδῐκέητε	ἀδῐκέωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀδῐκέοιμῐ	ἀδῐκέοις	ἀδῐκέοι	ἀδῐκέοιτον	ἀδῐκεοίτην	ἀδῐκέοιμεν	ἀδῐκέοιτε	ἀδῐκέοιεν
	imperative		ἀδῐ́κεε	ἀδῐκεέτω	ἀδῐκέετον	ἀδῐκεέτων		ἀδῐκέετε	ἀδῐκεόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ἀδῐκέομαι	ἀδῐκέῃ, ἀδῐκέει	ἀδῐκέεται	ἀδῐκέεσθον	ἀδῐκέεσθον	ἀδῐκεόμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκέεσθε	ἀδῐκέονται
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκέωμαι	ἀδῐκέῃ	ἀδῐκέηται	ἀδῐκέησθον	ἀδῐκέησθον	ἀδῐκεώμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκέησθε	ἀδῐκέωνται
	optative	ἀδῐκεοίμην	ἀδῐκέοιο	ἀδῐκέοιτο	ἀδῐκέοισθον	ἀδῐκεοίσθην	ἀδῐκεοίμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκέοισθε	ἀδῐκέοιντο
	imperative		ἀδῐκέου	ἀδῐκεέσθω	ἀδῐκέεσθον	ἀδῐκεέσθων		ἀδῐκέεσθε	ἀδῐκεέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἀδῐκέειν				ἀδῐκέεσθαι
participle	m	ἀδῐκέων				ἀδῐκεόμενος
	f	ἀδῐκέουσᾰ				ἀδῐκεομένη
	n	ἀδῐκέον				ἀδῐκεόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Present: ἀδῐκῶ, ἀδῐκοῦμαι (Contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀδῐκῶ	ἀδῐκεῖς	ἀδῐκεῖ	ἀδῐκεῖτον	ἀδῐκεῖτον	ἀδῐκοῦμεν	ἀδῐκεῖτε	ἀδῐκοῦσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκῶ	ἀδῐκῇς	ἀδῐκῇ	ἀδῐκῆτον	ἀδῐκῆτον	ἀδῐκῶμεν	ἀδῐκῆτε	ἀδῐκῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀδῐκοίην, ἀδῐκοῖμῐ	ἀδῐκοίης, ἀδῐκοῖς	ἀδῐκοίη, ἀδῐκοῖ	ἀδῐκοῖτον, ἀδῐκοίητον	ἀδῐκοίτην, ἀδῐκοιήτην	ἀδῐκοῖμεν, ἀδῐκοίημεν	ἀδῐκοῖτε, ἀδῐκοίητε	ἀδῐκοῖεν, ἀδῐκοίησᾰν
	imperative		ἀδῐ́κει	ἀδῐκείτω	ἀδῐκεῖτον	ἀδῐκείτων		ἀδῐκεῖτε	ἀδῐκούντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ἀδῐκοῦμαι	ἀδῐκεῖ, ἀδῐκῇ	ἀδῐκεῖται	ἀδῐκεῖσθον	ἀδῐκεῖσθον	ἀδῐκούμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκεῖσθε	ἀδῐκοῦνται
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκῶμαι	ἀδῐκῇ	ἀδῐκῆται	ἀδῐκῆσθον	ἀδῐκῆσθον	ἀδῐκώμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκῆσθε	ἀδῐκῶνται
	optative	ἀδῐκοίμην	ἀδῐκοῖο	ἀδῐκοῖτο	ἀδῐκοῖσθον	ἀδῐκοίσθην	ἀδῐκοίμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκοῖσθε	ἀδῐκοῖντο
	imperative		ἀδῐκοῦ	ἀδῐκείσθω	ἀδῐκεῖσθον	ἀδῐκείσθων		ἀδῐκεῖσθε	ἀδῐκείσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἀδῐκεῖν				ἀδῐκεῖσθαι
participle	m	ἀδῐκῶν				ἀδῐκούμενος
	f	ἀδῐκοῦσᾰ				ἀδῐκουμένη
	n	ἀδῐκοῦν				ἀδῐκούμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἠδῐ́κεον, ἠδῐκεόμην (Uncontracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἠδῐ́κεον	ἠδῐ́κεες	ἠδῐ́κεε(ν)	ἠδῐκέετον	ἠδῐκεέτην	ἠδῐκέομεν	ἠδῐκέετε	ἠδῐ́κεον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠδῐκεόμην	ἠδῐκέου	ἠδῐκέετο	ἠδῐκέεσθον	ἠδῐκεέσθην	ἠδῐκεόμεθᾰ	ἠδῐκέεσθε	ἠδῐκέοντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἠδῐ́κουν, ἠδῐκούμην (Contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἠδῐ́κουν	ἠδῐ́κεις	ἠδῐ́κει	ἠδῐκεῖτον	ἠδῐκείτην	ἠδῐκοῦμεν	ἠδῐκεῖτε	ἠδῐ́κουν
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠδῐκούμην	ἠδῐκοῦ	ἠδῐκεῖτο	ἠδῐκεῖσθον	ἠδῐκείσθην	ἠδῐκούμεθᾰ	ἠδῐκεῖσθε	ἠδῐκοῦντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἠδίκεον, ἠδικεόμην (Ionic, contracted)

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἠδίκεον	ἠδίκεις	ἠδίκει	ἠδικεῖτον	ἠδικείτην	ἠδικέομεν	ἠδικεῖτε	ἠδίκεον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠδικεόμην	ἠδικέου	ἠδικεῖτο	ἠδικεῖσθον	ἠδικείσθην	ἠδικεόμεθᾰ	ἠδικεῖσθε	ἠδικέοντο
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Future: ἀδῐκήσω, ἀδῐκήσομαι, ἀδῐκηθήσομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἀδῐκήσω	ἀδῐκήσεις	ἀδῐκήσει	ἀδῐκήσετον	ἀδῐκήσετον	ἀδῐκήσομεν	ἀδῐκήσετε	ἀδῐκήσουσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀδῐκήσοιμῐ	ἀδῐκήσοις	ἀδῐκήσοι	ἀδῐκήσοιτον	ἀδῐκησοίτην	ἀδῐκήσοιμεν	ἀδῐκήσοιτε	ἀδῐκήσοιεν
middle	indicative	ἀδῐκήσομαι	ἀδῐκήσῃ, ἀδῐκήσει	ἀδῐκήσεται	ἀδῐκήσεσθον	ἀδῐκήσεσθον	ἀδῐκησόμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκήσεσθε	ἀδῐκήσονται
	optative	ἀδῐκησοίμην	ἀδῐκήσοιο	ἀδῐκήσοιτο	ἀδῐκήσοισθον	ἀδῐκησοίσθην	ἀδῐκησοίμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκήσοισθε	ἀδῐκήσοιντο
passive	indicative	ἀδῐκηθήσομαι	ἀδῐκηθήσῃ	ἀδῐκηθήσεται	ἀδῐκηθήσεσθον	ἀδῐκηθήσεσθον	ἀδῐκηθησόμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκηθήσεσθε	ἀδῐκηθήσονται
	optative	ἀδῐκηθησοίμην	ἀδῐκηθήσοιο	ἀδῐκηθήσοιτο	ἀδῐκηθήσοισθον	ἀδῐκηθησοίσθην	ἀδῐκηθησοίμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκηθήσοισθε	ἀδῐκηθήσοιντο
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀδῐκήσειν			ἀδῐκήσεσθαι		ἀδῐκηθήσεσθαι
participle	m	ἀδῐκήσων			ἀδῐκησόμενος		ἀδῐκηθησόμενος
	f	ἀδῐκήσουσᾰ			ἀδῐκησομένη		ἀδῐκηθησομένη
	n	ἀδῐκῆσον			ἀδῐκησόμενον		ἀδῐκηθησόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἠδῐ́κησᾰ, ἠδῐκησᾰ́μην, ἠδῐκήσθην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἠδῐ́κησᾰ	ἠδῐ́κησᾰς	ἠδῐ́κησε(ν)	ἠδῐκήσᾰτον	ἠδῐκησᾰ́την	ἠδῐκήσᾰμεν	ἠδῐκήσᾰτε	ἠδῐ́κησᾰν
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκήσω	ἀδῐκήσῃς	ἀδῐκήσῃ	ἀδῐκήσητον	ἀδῐκήσητον	ἀδῐκήσωμεν	ἀδῐκήσητε	ἀδῐκήσωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀδῐκήσαιμῐ	ἀδῐκήσειᾰς, ἀδῐκήσαις	ἀδῐκήσειε(ν), ἀδῐκήσαι	ἀδῐκήσαιτον	ἀδῐκησαίτην	ἀδῐκήσαιμεν	ἀδῐκήσαιτε	ἀδῐκήσειᾰν, ἀδῐκήσαιεν
	imperative		ἀδῐ́κησον	ἀδῐκησᾰ́τω	ἀδῐκήσᾰτον	ἀδῐκησᾰ́των		ἀδῐκήσᾰτε	ἀδῐκησᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἠδῐκησᾰ́μην	ἠδῐκήσω	ἠδῐκήσᾰτο	ἠδῐκήσᾰσθον	ἠδῐκησᾰ́σθην	ἠδῐκησᾰ́μεθᾰ	ἠδῐκήσᾰσθε	ἠδῐκήσᾰντο
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκήσωμαι	ἀδῐκήσῃ	ἀδῐκήσηται	ἀδῐκήσησθον	ἀδῐκήσησθον	ἀδῐκησώμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκήσησθε	ἀδῐκήσωνται
	optative	ἀδῐκησαίμην	ἀδῐκήσαιο	ἀδῐκήσαιτο	ἀδῐκήσαισθον	ἀδῐκησαίσθην	ἀδῐκησαίμεθᾰ	ἀδῐκήσαισθε	ἀδῐκήσαιντο
	imperative		ἀδῐ́κησαι	ἀδῐκησᾰ́σθω	ἀδῐκήσᾰσθον	ἀδῐκησᾰ́σθων		ἀδῐκήσᾰσθε	ἀδῐκησᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἠδῐκήσθην	ἠδῐκήσθης	ἠδῐκήσθη	ἠδῐκήσθητον	ἠδῐκησθήτην	ἠδῐκήσθημεν	ἠδῐκήσθητε	ἠδῐκήσθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ἀδῐκησθῶ	ἀδῐκησθῇς	ἀδῐκησθῇ	ἀδῐκησθῆτον	ἀδῐκησθῆτον	ἀδῐκησθῶμεν	ἀδῐκησθῆτε	ἀδῐκησθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἀδῐκησθείην	ἀδῐκησθείης	ἀδῐκησθείη	ἀδῐκησθεῖτον, ἀδῐκησθείητον	ἀδῐκησθείτην, ἀδῐκησθειήτην	ἀδῐκησθεῖμεν, ἀδῐκησθείημεν	ἀδῐκησθεῖτε, ἀδῐκησθείητε	ἀδῐκησθεῖεν, ἀδῐκησθείησᾰν
	imperative		ἀδῐκήσθητῐ	ἀδῐκησθήτω	ἀδῐκήσθητον	ἀδῐκησθήτων		ἀδῐκήσθητε	ἀδῐκησθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ἀδῐκῆσαι			ἀδῐκήσᾰσθαι		ἀδῐκησθῆναι
participle	m	ἀδῐκήσᾱς			ἀδῐκησᾰ́μενος		ἀδῐκησθείς
	f	ἀδῐκήσᾱσᾰ			ἀδῐκησᾰμένη		ἀδῐκησθεῖσᾰ
	n	ἀδῐκῆσᾰν			ἀδῐκησᾰ́μενον		ἀδῐκησθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: ἤδῐκᾰ, ἠδῐ́κημαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἤδῐκᾰ	ἤδῐκᾰς	ἤδῐκε(ν)	ἠδῐ́κᾰτον	ἠδῐ́κᾰτον	ἠδῐ́κᾰμεν	ἠδῐ́κᾰτε	ἠδῐ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ἠδῐ́κω	ἠδῐ́κῃς	ἠδῐ́κῃ	ἠδῐ́κητον	ἠδῐ́κητον	ἠδῐ́κωμεν	ἠδῐ́κητε	ἠδῐ́κωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἠδῐ́κοιμῐ, ἠδῐκοίην	ἠδῐ́κοις, ἠδῐκοίης	ἠδῐ́κοι, ἠδῐκοίη	ἠδῐ́κοιτον	ἠδῐκοίτην	ἠδῐ́κοιμεν	ἠδῐ́κοιτε	ἠδῐ́κοιεν
	imperative		ἤδῐκε	ἠδῐκέτω	ἠδῐ́κετον	ἠδῐκέτων		ἠδῐ́κετε	ἠδῐκόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠδῐ́κημαι	ἠδῐ́κησαι	ἠδῐ́κηται	ἠδῐ́κησθον	ἠδῐ́κησθον	ἠδῐκήμεθᾰ	ἠδῐ́κησθε	ἠδῐ́κηνται
	subjunctive	ἠδῐκημένος ὦ	ἠδῐκημένος ᾖς	ἠδῐκημένος ᾖ	ἠδῐκημένω ἦτον	ἠδῐκημένω ἦτον	ἠδῐκημένοι ὦμεν	ἠδῐκημένοι ἦτε	ἠδῐκημένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ἠδῐκημένος εἴην	ἠδῐκημένος εἴης	ἠδῐκημένος εἴη	ἠδῐκημένω εἴητον/εἶτον	ἠδῐκημένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	ἠδῐκημένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	ἠδῐκημένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	ἠδῐκημένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		ἠδῐ́κησο	ἠδῐκήσθω	ἠδῐ́κησθον	ἠδῐκήσθων		ἠδῐ́κησθε	ἠδῐκήσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ἠδῐκέναι				ἠδῐκῆσθαι
participle	m	ἠδῐκώς				ἠδῐκημένος
	f	ἠδῐκυῖᾰ				ἠδῐκημένη
	n	ἠδῐκός				ἠδῐκημένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Pluperfect: ἠδῐ́κειν, ἠδῐκήμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἠδῐ́κειν, ἠδῐ́κη	ἠδῐ́κεις, ἠδῐ́κης	ἠδῐ́κει(ν)	ἠδῐ́κετον	ἠδῐκέτην	ἠδῐ́κεμεν	ἠδῐ́κετε	ἠδῐ́κεσᾰν
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠδῐκήμην	ἠδῐ́κησο	ἠδῐ́κητο	ἠδῐ́κησθον	ἠδῐκήσθην	ἠδῐκήμεθᾰ	ἠδῐ́κησθε	ἠδῐ́κηντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

• συναδικέω (sunadikéō)

Further reading

• “ἀδικέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἀδικέω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ἀδικέω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἀδικέω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2025)
• G91 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• ἀδικέω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011