ḥꜣm

See also: ḫꜣm

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare with Hebrew חרם (ḥerem, “net”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hɑm/
  • Conventional anglicization: ham

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to catch (a fish), to fish up [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. (transitive, by extension) to fish (anything) out of water [since the Pyramid Texts]
3. (transitive, by extension) to catch other entities, such as fowl, snakes, or the dead, with a net [Book of the Dead]
4. (transitive) to fish with (a net) [Book of the Dead]
5. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to catch red-handed, to catch (someone) doing something forbidden
6. (intransitive) to fish [since the Pyramid Texts]

Inflection

Conjugation of ḥꜣm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḥꜣm, geminated stem: ḥꜣmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḥꜣm	ḥꜣmw, ḥꜣm	ḥꜣmt	ḥꜣm	ḥꜣm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḥꜣm	ḥr ḥꜣm	m ḥꜣm	r ḥꜣm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḥꜣm.n	ḥꜣmw, ḥꜣm	consecutive	ḥꜣm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḥꜣmt
perfective3	ḥꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḥꜣm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḥꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḥꜣm	ḥꜣmm	potentialis1	ḥꜣm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḥꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḥꜣm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḥꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥꜣm	ḥꜣm, ḥꜣmw5, ḥꜣmy5
imperfective	ḥꜣm, ḥꜣmy, ḥꜣmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḥꜣm, ḥꜣmj6, ḥꜣmy6	ḥꜣm, ḥꜣmw5
prospective	ḥꜣm, ḥꜣmtj7	—	ḥꜣmtj4, ḥꜣmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥꜣm  

ḥꜣm	ḥm
	[Old Kingdom]

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 31.12–32.2
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 163