शपथ

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शपथ (śapatha).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /ʃə.pət̪ʰ/, [ʃɐ.pɐt̪ʰ]

Noun

शपथ • (śapath) f (Urdu spelling شپتھ)

1. oath, asseveration

   Synonyms: क़सम (qasam), सौगंद (saugand), सौंह (sa͠uh)

   मैं गीता की शपथ खाता हूँ। ― ma͠i gītā kī śapath khātā hū̃. ― I swear by the Gita.

2. (rare) cursing, anathema, abuse, imprecation

Declension

Declension of शपथ (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	शपथ śapath	शपथ śapath
oblique	शपथ śapath	शपथों śapathõ
vocative	शपथ śapath	शपथो śapatho

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “शपथ”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• শপথ (Assamese script)
• ᬰᬧᬣ (Balinese script)
• শপথ (Bengali script)
• 𑰫𑰢𑰞 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀰𑀧𑀣 (Brahmi script)
• ၐပထ (Burmese script)
• શપથ (Gujarati script)
• ਸ਼ਪਥ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌶𑌪𑌥 (Grantha script)
• ꦯꦥꦡ (Javanese script)
• 𑂬𑂣𑂟 (Kaithi script)
• ಶಪಥ (Kannada script)
• ឝបថ (Khmer script)
• ຨປຖ (Lao script)
• ശപഥ (Malayalam script)
• ᡧᠠᢒᠠᡨᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘫𑘢𑘞 (Modi script)
• ᠱᠠᢒᠠᠲᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑧋𑧂𑦾 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐱𑐥𑐠 (Newa script)
• ଶପଥ (Odia script)
• ꢯꢦꢢ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆯𑆥𑆡 (Sharada script)
• 𑖫𑖢𑖞 (Siddham script)
• ශපථ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩿𑩰𑩬 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚧𑚞𑚚 (Takri script)
• ஶபத² (Tamil script)
• శపథ (Telugu script)
• ศปถ (Thai script)
• ཤ་པ་ཐ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒬𑒣𑒟 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨮𑨞𑨚 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From the root शप् (śap, “to swear, curse”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɕɐ.pɐ́.tʰɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ˈɕɐ.pɐ.t̪ʰɐ/

Noun

शपथ • (śapátha) stem, m

1. oath, vow
2. swear
3. scolding, curse
4. ordeal
5. reviling, anathema

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of शपथ (śapatha)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	शपथः śapathaḥ	शपथौ / शपथा¹ śapathau / śapathā¹	शपथाः / शपथासः¹ śapathāḥ / śapathāsaḥ¹
Vocative	शपथ śapatha	शपथौ / शपथा¹ śapathau / śapathā¹	शपथाः / शपथासः¹ śapathāḥ / śapathāsaḥ¹
Accusative	शपथम् śapatham	शपथौ / शपथा¹ śapathau / śapathā¹	शपथान् śapathān
Instrumental	शपथेन śapathena	शपथाभ्याम् śapathābhyām	शपथैः / शपथेभिः¹ śapathaiḥ / śapathebhiḥ¹
Dative	शपथाय śapathāya	शपथाभ्याम् śapathābhyām	शपथेभ्यः śapathebhyaḥ
Ablative	शपथात् śapathāt	शपथाभ्याम् śapathābhyām	शपथेभ्यः śapathebhyaḥ
Genitive	शपथस्य śapathasya	शपथयोः śapathayoḥ	शपथानाम् śapathānām
Locative	शपथे śapathe	शपथयोः śapathayoḥ	शपथेषु śapatheṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Pali: sapatha
• Prakrit:
  • Ardhamagadhi Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯𑀳 (savaha)
  • Khasa Prakrit:
    • Kumaoni: सौँ (saũ)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀯𑀳 (savaha)
    • Konkani: savo

      Devanagari script: सवो

      Latin script: savo

      Kannada script: ಸವೊ

  • Paisaci Prakrit:
    • Sindhi: sãhũ

      Arabic script: سَنهُن

      Devanagari script: संहुं

    • Punjabi:

      Gurmukhi script: ਸੌਂਹ (saũh), ਸਹੁੰ (sahũ)

      Shahmukhi script: سَون٘ہہ (sauṉh)

  • Sauraseni Prakrit:
    • Hindustani:

      Hindi: सौंह (sa͠uh), सोंह (sõh), सौं (sa͠u), सों (sõ)

      Urdu: سَون٘ہہ (sa͠uhh), سوں (sõ)

• → Bengali: শপথ (śopoth) (learned)
• → Hindi: शपथ (śapath) (learned)
• → Old Javanese: śapatha
  • > Javanese: ꦱꦥꦠ (sapata), ꦱꦼꦥꦠ (sepata), ꦱꦸꦥꦠ (supata), ꦱꦸꦥꦲꦺꦴꦱ꧀ (supaos) (inherited)
  • → Balinese: sepata
• → Old Khmer: [script needed] (śapatha)
  • Khmer: ស្បថ (sbɑt)
• → Tamil: சபதம் (capatam) (learned)

References

• [1] definition from Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “śapatha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press