سخل
Arabic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]As in some Bedouin dialects also with the first consonant emphatic (صَحَل (ṣaḥal), maybe from Sanskrit छागल (chāgala), छाग (chāga, “goat”), but in an original meaning of a newborn kid, with the meanings of “imperfect” dates or anything imperfect transferred, and from the brutal process of birth a denominal verb “taking or driving out by force”; though Freytag compares to خَسَلَ (ḵasala, “to reject, to cast out”), خُسَّل (ḵussal, “debile, vile”), which he relates further to حِسْل (ḥisl, “young of a spiny tailed lizard”), حَسِيل (ḥasīl, “bull calves; flock of cows”), حَسَلَ (ḥasala, “to propel vehemently”), which also contains a shape حُسَالَة (ḥusāla, “rejected or filed off things; dregs”) mirroring سُخَالَة (suḵāla, “rejected parts of things”), over which he leads us to well-known حُثَالَة (ḥuṯāla, “dregs, refuse of any crop”), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic מַתְחֲלָא (maṯḥălā, “calyx surrounding the date in its early state, or spathe of a date-palm”), Ancient Greek μᾰσχᾰ́λη (maskhálē, “axil, hollow at the base of a shoot; branch, young palm twig”). In view of خ ث ث (ḵ-ṯ-ṯ) there could be an original biconsonantal base.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]سَخْل • (saḵl) m (collective, singulative سَخْلَة f (saḵla), plural سِخَال (siḵāl) or سُخْلَان (suḵlān) or سِخَلَة (siḵala))
- offspring of a sheep or (more widely) a goat; lamb or kid
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:142:
- بَيْنَا نَحْنُ مَعَ رَسُولِ ٱللّٰهِ صَلَّى ٱللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جُلُوسٌ إِذْ دَفَعَ الرَّاعِي غَنَمَهُ إِلَى الْمُرَاحِ وَمَعَهُ سَخْلَةٌ تَيْعَرُ
- baynā naḥnu maʕa rasūli llāhi ṣallā llāhu ʕalayhi wasallama julūsun ʔiḏ dafaʕa r-rāʕī ḡanamahu ʔilā l-murāḥi wa-maʕa-hū saḵlatun tayʕaru
- We were sitting in the company of the Messenger of God (PBUH) when we saw that a shepherd was driving a herd of sheep to their fold. He had with him a newly-born lamb that was crying.
- (Iraq, Khuzistan) goat
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | سَخْل saḵl |
السَّخْل as-saḵl |
سَخْل saḵl |
Nominative | سَخْلٌ saḵlun |
السَّخْلُ as-saḵlu |
سَخْلُ saḵlu |
Accusative | سَخْلًا saḵlan |
السَّخْلَ as-saḵla |
سَخْلَ saḵla |
Genitive | سَخْلٍ saḵlin |
السَّخْلِ as-saḵli |
سَخْلِ saḵli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | سَخْلَيْن saḵlayn |
السَّخْلَيْن as-saḵlayn |
سَخْلَيْ saḵlay |
Nominative | سَخْلَانِ saḵlāni |
السَّخْلَانِ as-saḵlāni |
سَخْلَا saḵlā |
Accusative | سَخْلَيْنِ saḵlayni |
السَّخْلَيْنِ as-saḵlayni |
سَخْلَيْ saḵlay |
Genitive | سَخْلَيْنِ saḵlayni |
السَّخْلَيْنِ as-saḵlayni |
سَخْلَيْ saḵlay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | سِخَال; سُخْلَان; سِخَلَة siḵāl; suḵlān; siḵala |
السِّخَال; السُّخْلَان; السِّخَلَة as-siḵāl; as-suḵlān; as-siḵala |
سِخَال; سُخْلَان; سِخَلَة siḵāl; suḵlān; siḵalat |
Nominative | سِخَالٌ; سُخْلَانٌ; سِخَلَةٌ siḵālun; suḵlānun; siḵalatun |
السِّخَالُ; السُّخْلَانُ; السِّخَلَةُ as-siḵālu; as-suḵlānu; as-siḵalatu |
سِخَالُ; سُخْلَانُ; سِخَلَةُ siḵālu; suḵlānu; siḵalatu |
Accusative | سِخَالًا; سُخْلَانًا; سِخَلَةً siḵālan; suḵlānan; siḵalatan |
السِّخَالَ; السُّخْلَانَ; السِّخَلَةَ as-siḵāla; as-suḵlāna; as-siḵalata |
سِخَالَ; سُخْلَانَ; سِخَلَةَ siḵāla; suḵlāna; siḵalata |
Genitive | سِخَالٍ; سُخْلَانٍ; سِخَلَةٍ siḵālin; suḵlānin; siḵalatin |
السِّخَالِ; السُّخْلَانِ; السِّخَلَةِ as-siḵāli; as-suḵlāni; as-siḵalati |
سِخَالِ; سُخْلَانِ; سِخَلَةِ siḵāli; suḵlāni; siḵalati |
Verb
[edit]سَخَلَ • (saḵala) I (non-past يَسْخَلُ (yasḵalu), verbal noun سَخْل (saḵl)) (obsolete)
- to repel, to drive away, to banish
- to take by deceit or by seizure
Conjugation
[edit]verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
سَخْل saḵl | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
سَاخِل sāḵil | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مَسْخُول masḵūl | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | سَخَلْتُ saḵaltu |
سَخَلْتَ saḵalta |
سَخَلَ saḵala |
سَخَلْتُمَا saḵaltumā |
سَخَلَا saḵalā |
سَخَلْنَا saḵalnā |
سَخَلْتُمْ saḵaltum |
سَخَلُوا saḵalū | |||
f | سَخَلْتِ saḵalti |
سَخَلَتْ saḵalat |
سَخَلَتَا saḵalatā |
سَخَلْتُنَّ saḵaltunna |
سَخَلْنَ saḵalna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أَسْخَلُ ʔasḵalu |
تَسْخَلُ tasḵalu |
يَسْخَلُ yasḵalu |
تَسْخَلَانِ tasḵalāni |
يَسْخَلَانِ yasḵalāni |
نَسْخَلُ nasḵalu |
تَسْخَلُونَ tasḵalūna |
يَسْخَلُونَ yasḵalūna | |||
f | تَسْخَلِينَ tasḵalīna |
تَسْخَلُ tasḵalu |
تَسْخَلَانِ tasḵalāni |
تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna |
يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أَسْخَلَ ʔasḵala |
تَسْخَلَ tasḵala |
يَسْخَلَ yasḵala |
تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā |
يَسْخَلَا yasḵalā |
نَسْخَلَ nasḵala |
تَسْخَلُوا tasḵalū |
يَسْخَلُوا yasḵalū | |||
f | تَسْخَلِي tasḵalī |
تَسْخَلَ tasḵala |
تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā |
تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna |
يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أَسْخَلْ ʔasḵal |
تَسْخَلْ tasḵal |
يَسْخَلْ yasḵal |
تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā |
يَسْخَلَا yasḵalā |
نَسْخَلْ nasḵal |
تَسْخَلُوا tasḵalū |
يَسْخَلُوا yasḵalū | |||
f | تَسْخَلِي tasḵalī |
تَسْخَلْ tasḵal |
تَسْخَلَا tasḵalā |
تَسْخَلْنَ tasḵalna |
يَسْخَلْنَ yasḵalna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اِسْخَلْ isḵal |
اِسْخَلَا isḵalā |
اِسْخَلُوا isḵalū |
||||||||
f | اِسْخَلِي isḵalī |
اِسْخَلْنَ isḵalna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | سُخِلْتُ suḵiltu |
سُخِلْتَ suḵilta |
سُخِلَ suḵila |
سُخِلْتُمَا suḵiltumā |
سُخِلَا suḵilā |
سُخِلْنَا suḵilnā |
سُخِلْتُمْ suḵiltum |
سُخِلُوا suḵilū | |||
f | سُخِلْتِ suḵilti |
سُخِلَتْ suḵilat |
سُخِلَتَا suḵilatā |
سُخِلْتُنَّ suḵiltunna |
سُخِلْنَ suḵilna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | أُسْخَلُ ʔusḵalu |
تُسْخَلُ tusḵalu |
يُسْخَلُ yusḵalu |
تُسْخَلَانِ tusḵalāni |
يُسْخَلَانِ yusḵalāni |
نُسْخَلُ nusḵalu |
تُسْخَلُونَ tusḵalūna |
يُسْخَلُونَ yusḵalūna | |||
f | تُسْخَلِينَ tusḵalīna |
تُسْخَلُ tusḵalu |
تُسْخَلَانِ tusḵalāni |
تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna |
يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | أُسْخَلَ ʔusḵala |
تُسْخَلَ tusḵala |
يُسْخَلَ yusḵala |
تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā |
يُسْخَلَا yusḵalā |
نُسْخَلَ nusḵala |
تُسْخَلُوا tusḵalū |
يُسْخَلُوا yusḵalū | |||
f | تُسْخَلِي tusḵalī |
تُسْخَلَ tusḵala |
تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā |
تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna |
يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | أُسْخَلْ ʔusḵal |
تُسْخَلْ tusḵal |
يُسْخَلْ yusḵal |
تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā |
يُسْخَلَا yusḵalā |
نُسْخَلْ nusḵal |
تُسْخَلُوا tusḵalū |
يُسْخَلُوا yusḵalū | |||
f | تُسْخَلِي tusḵalī |
تُسْخَلْ tusḵal |
تُسْخَلَا tusḵalā |
تُسْخَلْنَ tusḵalna |
يُسْخَلْنَ yusḵalna |
Noun
[edit]سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) m
- weak dates, dates feeble in the stones and/or flesh, dates which are imperfect as incomplete
- Synonym: شِيص (šīṣ)
Declension
[edit]Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
سُخَّل suḵḵal |
Nominative | سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
سُخَّلُ suḵḵalu |
Accusative | سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
سُخَّلَ suḵḵala |
Genitive | سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
سُخَّلِ suḵḵali |
Adjective
[edit]سُخَّل • (suḵḵal) (common plural سُخَّل (suḵḵal))
Declension
[edit]Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
basic singular triptote | basic singular triptote | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
Nominative | سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
Accusative | سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
Genitive | سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
Nominative | سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
Accusative | سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
Genitive | سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||
basic broken plural triptote | basic broken plural triptote | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Informal | سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
سُخَّل suḵḵal |
السُّخَّل as-suḵḵal |
Nominative | سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
سُخَّلٌ suḵḵalun |
السُّخَّلُ as-suḵḵalu |
Accusative | سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
سُخَّلًا suḵḵalan |
السُّخَّلَ as-suḵḵala |
Genitive | سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
سُخَّلٍ suḵḵalin |
السُّخَّلِ as-suḵḵali |
Alternative forms
[edit]- سُخَّال (suḵḵāl)
References
[edit]- Behnstedt, Peter, Woidich, Manfred (2010) Wortatlas der arabischen Dialekte – Band I: Mensch, Natur, Fauna und Flora (Handbook of Oriental Studies – Handbuch der Orientalistik; 100) (in German), Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, , →ISBN, pages 266–276
- Freytag, Georg (1833) “سخل”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[1] (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 296
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “سخل”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[2] (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1066
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “سخل”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[3], London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1325b–1325a
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