خردل

Arabic

خَرْدَل

Etymology

Uncertain, previous comparisons to an Akkadian source have been depreciated as uninformed readings; compare Hebrew חַרְדָּל (ḥardal), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic חרדלא (ḥardlā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חַרְדְּלָא (ḥardlā), Classical Syriac ܚܪܕܠܐ (ḥardlā), and potentially Akkadian 𒄷𒊏𒁺 (/⁠ḫurādu⁠/, “unidentified aromatic plant possibly in reference to mustard seeds; aromatic seed or spice mix”, literally “pebbles, little stones”); perhaps connected ultimately to Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ- (“to sow, to plant seeds, to till, to plow, to cultivate”) or Sumerian 𒌑𒄯𒄯 (/⁠ḫarḫar⁠/, “unidentified plant yielding seeds used as a spice”) of uncertain provenance.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xar.dal/

Noun

خَرْدَل • (ḵardal) m (collective, singulative خَرْدَلَة f (ḵardala))

1. mustard (plant and condiment)

Declension

Declension of noun خَرْدَل (ḵardal)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَل ḵardal	الْخَرْدَل al-ḵardal	خَرْدَل ḵardal
Nominative	خَرْدَلٌ ḵardalun	الْخَرْدَلُ al-ḵardalu	خَرْدَلُ ḵardalu
Accusative	خَرْدَلًا ḵardalan	الْخَرْدَلَ al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَ ḵardala
Genitive	خَرْدَلٍ ḵardalin	الْخَرْدَلِ al-ḵardali	خَرْدَلِ ḵardali
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَة ḵardala	الْخَرْدَلَة al-ḵardala	خَرْدَلَة ḵardalat
Nominative	خَرْدَلَةٌ ḵardalatun	الْخَرْدَلَةُ al-ḵardalatu	خَرْدَلَةُ ḵardalatu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَةً ḵardalatan	الْخَرْدَلَةَ al-ḵardalata	خَرْدَلَةَ ḵardalata
Genitive	خَرْدَلَةٍ ḵardalatin	الْخَرْدَلَةِ al-ḵardalati	خَرْدَلَةِ ḵardalati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَتَيْن ḵardalatayn	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْن al-ḵardalatayn	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Nominative	خَرْدَلَتَانِ ḵardalatāni	الْخَرْدَلَتَانِ al-ḵardalatāni	خَرْدَلَتَا ḵardalatā
Accusative	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Genitive	خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni	الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni	خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt	الْخَرْدَلَات al-ḵardalāt	خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt
Nominative	خَرْدَلَاتٌ ḵardalātun	الْخَرْدَلَاتُ al-ḵardalātu	خَرْدَلَاتُ ḵardalātu
Accusative	خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti
Genitive	خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin	الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti	خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti

Descendants

• → Middle Armenian: խարտալ (xartal)
• → Persian: خردل (xardal)
  • Tajik: хардал (xardal)
  • → Azerbaijani: xardal
  • → Hindustani:

    Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)

    Urdu: خردل (xardal)

• → Ottoman Turkish: خردل (hardal)
  • Turkish: hardal
• → Swahili: haradali

References

• Levey, Martin (1973) Early Arabic Pharmacology. An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Leiden: E. J. Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 60

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xaɾ.dal]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xäɾ.d̪äl̥]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xæɹ.d̪æl̥]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χäɾ.d̪äl]

Readings
Classical reading?	xardal
Dari reading?	xardal
Iranian reading?	xardal
Tajik reading?	xardal

Noun

خردل • (xardal)

1. mustard

   Synonym: سپندان (sepandân)

Descendants

• Tajik: хардал (xardal)
• → Azerbaijani: xardal
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)

  Urdu: خردل (xardal)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خردل (xardal), from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).

Noun

خردل • (xardal) m (Hindi spelling ख़र्दल)

1. mustard