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կէս

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Old Armenian

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Etymology

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Probably borrowed from some Iranian reflex of Proto-Iranian *kas- (“to be small, diminish, lessen”). Compare from that root Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬯𐬫𐬀𐬵 (kasyah, “smaller, lesser”), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (ks, “small(er), less(er), young(er)”), Persian که (keh, “small”), Nayini käs (“small”); Bactrian κισατο (kisato, “least, youngest”); Baluchi [script needed] (kisān, kasān, “small”); Middle Persian [script needed] (kʾstn' /⁠kāstan⁠/, “to diminish, decrease, lessen”), Persian کاستن (kâstan, “to decrease”). Further origin uncertain; compare perhaps German hager (“gaunt”) and Lithuanian kašėti (“to lessen, become thin, dry, weaken”). See ESIJa[1] and Cheung[2] for more on the Iranian words, without the Armenian. See also Old Armenian կրտսեր (krtser).

Noun

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կէս • (kēs)

  1. half
    ի կէս, կիսով չափ ― i kēs, kisov čʻapʻ ― by half; half done
    կէս ի կէս ― kēs i kēs ― in part, half, by halves, imperfectly
    կէս ի կէս բանիւ խոստանալ ― kēs i kēs baniw xostanal ― to make a half promise; to promise with the lips, insincerely
    կէս ժամ ― kēs žam ― half an hour
    զտասն եւ կէս ժամաւ ― ztasn ew kēs žamaw ― at half past ten
    կէս գիշեր ― kēs gišer ― midnight
    կէսի ճանապարհին ― kēsi čanaparhin ― half way
    հեռի իբր երկու եւ կէս խրասախօք ― heṙi ibr erku ew kēs xrasaxōkʻ ― about two leagues and a half distant
    ի կանգնոյ եւ ի կիսոյ ― i kangnoy ew i kisoy ― a cubit and a half
    ի տարւոջ եւ ի կիսում ― i tarwoǰ ew i kisum ― in a year and a half
    ի կէսն վերածել ― i kēsn veracel ― to reduce to half
    ի կէս աւուրց մեռանել ― i kēs awurcʻ meṙanel ― to die early, in the flower or bloom of youth
    եթէ կիսոյ կէս ի մէնջ մեռանիցիմք ― etʻē kisoy kēs i mēnǰ meṙanicʻimkʻ ― if half of us die
    մեծ կէս աշխարհին աւերացաւ ― mec kēs ašxarhin aweracʻaw ― half the country was ruined
    եւ ահա ի կէս չէ/ոչ է ի կէս զոր պատմեցին ինձ ― ew aha i kēs čʻē/očʻ ē i kēs zor patmecʻin inj ― not half the truth was told me; that which was told me was not half the truth
    կէսք ― kēskʻ ― some
    կէսք..., այլք... ― kēskʻ..., aylkʻ... ― some... others...

Declension

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o-type
singular plural
nominative կէս (kēs) կէսք (kēskʻ)
genitive կիսոյ (kisoy) կիսոց (kisocʻ)
dative կիսոյ (kisoy) կիսոց (kisocʻ)
accusative կէս (kēs) կէսս (kēss)
ablative կիսոյ (kisoy) կիսոց (kisocʻ)
instrumental կիսով (kisov) կիսովք (kisovkʻ)
locative կէս, կիսում (kēs, kisum) կէսս (kēss)
note the locative with -մ (-m)
i-type
singular plural
nominative կէս (kēs) կէսք (kēskʻ)
genitive կիսի (kisi) կիսից (kisicʻ)
dative կիսի (kisi) կիսից (kisicʻ)
accusative կէս (kēs) կէսս (kēss)
ablative կիսէ (kisē) կիսից (kisicʻ)
instrumental կիսիւ (kisiw) կիսիւք (kisiwkʻ)
locative կիսի (kisi) կէսս (kēss)
post-classical

Adverb

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կէս • (kēs)

  1. in part

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Armenian: կես (kes)
  • Georgian: კესი (ḳesi)

References

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  1. ^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 331–337
  2. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 247

Further reading

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  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կէս”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 581–582
  • Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836) “կէս”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), volume I, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 1094b
  • Kerestedjian, Bedros (1945) Kerest Haig, editor, Étude philologique et lexicographique de 6000 mots et noms arméniens avec des comparaisons de 100.000 mots de 900 langues et des données historiques et géographiques‎[1] (in French), London: Bernard Quaritch Ltd., page 218
  • Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 360
  • Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “կէս”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
  • Viredaz, Rémy (2003) “The Great Armenian Puzzle is not Thorny”, in Annual of Armenian linguistics‎[2], numbers 22-23, page 64, footnote 21
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