хлеб

See also: хљеб

Belarusian

Etymology

From Old East Slavic хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ), from Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz. Compare Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xlʲep]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

хлеб • (xljeb) m inan (genitive хле́ба, nominative plural хлябы́, genitive plural хлябо́ў)

1. bread, loaf

Declension

Declension of хлеб (inan hard masc-form accent-c)

	singular	plural
nominative	хлеб xljeb	хлябы́ xljabý
genitive	хле́ба xljéba	хлябо́ў xljabóŭ
dative	хле́бу xljébu	хляба́м xljabám
accusative	хлеб xljeb	хлябы́ xljabý
instrumental	хле́бам xljébam	хляба́мі xljabámi
locative	хле́бе xljébje	хляба́х xljabáx
count form	—	хле́бы1 xljéby1

¹Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

References

• “хлеб” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

Russian

Alternative forms

• хлѣбъ (xlěb) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)

Etymology

Inherited from Old East Slavic хлѣбъ (xlěbŭ), from Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ, from Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs), from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz, of unknown origin. Cognate with English loaf.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xlʲep]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

хлеб • (xleb) m inan (genitive хле́ба, nominative plural хле́бы, genitive plural хле́бов, relational adjective хле́бный, diminutive хле́бушек or хле́бец)

1. bread
2. loaf
3. (Saint Petersburg) black bread, rye bread

   Antonym: (Saint Petersburg) бу́лка (búlka)

Declension

Declension of хлеб (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	хле́б xléb	хле́бы xléby
genitive	хле́ба xléba	хле́бов xlébov
dative	хле́бу xlébu	хле́бам xlébam
accusative	хле́б xléb	хле́бы xléby
instrumental	хле́бом xlébom	хле́бами xlébami
prepositional	хле́бе xlébe	хле́бах xlébax

Descendants

• → Ainu: ヘリェバ
• → English: khleb
• → Korean: (Russia) 할례쁘 (hallyeppeu)
• → Mandarin: 列巴 (lièbā) > 大列巴 (dàlièbā) (Northeastern Mandarin)
  • → English: dalieba
  • → Russian: дале́ба (daléba)
• → Yup'ik: kelipaq
• → Russenorsk: klæba

Noun

хлеб • (xleb) m inan (genitive хле́ба, nominative plural хлеба́, genitive plural хлебо́в, relational adjective хле́бный)

1. (usually in the plural) grain

   ве́тер колы́шет хлеба́ ― véter kolýšet xlebá ― the grain sways in the wind

2. (figurative) food, subsistence, living (cf. breadwinner)

   Раньше мы зарабатывали на хлеб, продавая яблоки. ― Ranʹše my zarabatyvali na xleb, prodavaja jabloki. ― We used to make a living by selling apples.

   фотогра́фия — мой хлеб ― fotográfija — moj xleb ― photography is my living

Declension

Declension of хлеб (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-c irreg) 

	singular	plural
nominative	хле́б xléb	хлеба́△ xlebá△
genitive	хле́ба xléba	хлебо́в xlebóv
dative	хле́бу xlébu	хлеба́м xlebám
accusative	хле́б xléb	хлеба́△ xlebá△
instrumental	хле́бом xlébom	хлеба́ми xlebámi
prepositional	хле́бе xlébe	хлеба́х xlebáx

^△ Irregular.

Derived terms

Phrases

• во́льные хлеба́ m pl (vólʹnyje xlebá)
• и то хлеб (i to xleb)
• хле́бом не корми́ (xlébom ne kormí)

References

• Isačenko, A. V. (1954‒1965) Грамматический строй русского языка в сопоставлении с словацким: Морфология: I‒II [Grammatical Structure of the Russian Language in Comparison to Slovak. Morphology. Pr. 1 & 2] (in Russian), Bratislava: Slovak Academy of Sciences; ‎^[1]2nd edition, Moscow: Languages of Slavic Сultures, 2003, →ISBN, page 78

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• хље̏б (Ijekavian)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *xlěbъ, from Proto-Germanic *hlaibaz. Compare Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃 (hlaifs).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xlêb/

Noun

хле̏б m (Latin spelling hlȅb, diminutive хлѐпчић, relational adjective хле̏бни)

1. bread
2. loaf (of bread)
3. circled shape of bread

Declension

Declension of хлеб

	singular	plural
nominative	хле̏б	хлѐбови
genitive	хлеба	хлебова
dative	хлебу	хлебовима
accusative	хлеб	хлебове
vocative	хлебе	хлебови
locative	хлебу	хлебовима
instrumental	хлебом	хлебовима