хакам
Bulgarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Of expressive origin.
The similarity with English hack is most likely nongenetic. The semelfactive ха́квам (hákvam), however, can mean “to hack (a computer programme)” within the right context. That meaning has been borrowed from English.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ха́кам • (hákam) first-singular present indicative, impf (perfective ха́кна)
- (transitive) to thwack, to bang, to smack down harshly
- (intransitive) to encroach, to proceed ahead in order to harm/hit
- Synonym: пося́гам (posjágam)
Conjugation
[edit] Conjugation of ха́кам (conjugation 3, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ха́кащ hákašt |
ха́кал, хака́л1 hákal, hakál1 |
ха́кал hákal |
ха́кан hákan |
ха́кайки hákajki | |
| definite subject form | ха́кащият hákaštijat |
ха́калият, хака́лият1 hákalijat, hakálijat1 |
— | ха́каният hákanijat | |||
| definite object form | ха́кащия hákaštija |
ха́калия, хака́лия1 hákalija, hakálija1 |
— | ха́кания hákanija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ха́каща hákašta |
ха́кала, хака́ла1 hákala, hakála1 |
ха́кала hákala |
ха́кана hákana | ||
| definite | ха́кащата hákaštata |
ха́калата, хака́лата1 hákalata, hakálata1 |
— | ха́каната hákanata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ха́кащо hákašto |
ха́кало, хака́ло1 hákalo, hakálo1 |
ха́кало hákalo |
ха́кано hákano |
ха́кане hákane | |
| definite | ха́кащото hákaštoto |
ха́калото, хака́лото1 hákaloto, hakáloto1 |
— | ха́каното hákanoto |
ха́кането hákaneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ха́кащи hákašti |
ха́кали, хака́ли1 hákali, hakáli1 |
ха́кали hákali |
ха́кани hákani |
ха́кания, ха́канета hákanija, hákaneta | |
| definite | ха́кащите hákaštite |
ха́калите, хака́лите1 hákalite, hakálite1 |
— | ха́каните hákanite |
ха́канията, ха́канетата hákanijata, hákanetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ха́кам hákam |
ха́каш hákaš |
ха́ка háka |
ха́каме hákame |
ха́кате hákate |
ха́кат hákat | |
| imperfect | ха́ках hákah |
ха́каше hákaše |
ха́каше hákaše |
ха́кахме hákahme |
ха́кахте hákahte |
ха́каха hákaha | |
| aorist | ха́ках, хака́х1 hákah, hakáh1 |
ха́ка, хака́1 háka, haká1 |
ха́ка, хака́1 háka, haká1 |
ха́кахме, хака́хме1 hákahme, hakáhme1 |
ха́кахте, хака́хте1 hákahte, hakáhte1 |
ха́каха, хака́ха1 hákaha, hakáha1 | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ха́кал m, ха́кала f, ха́кало n, or ха́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ха́кал m, ха́кала f, ха́кало n, or ха́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ха́кал m, ха́кала f, ха́кало n, or ха́кали pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ха́кал/хака́л1 m, ха́кала/хака́ла1 f, ха́кало/хака́ло1 n, or ха́кали/хака́ли1 pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| ха́кай hákaj |
ха́кайте hákajte |
||||||
1Dialectally marked.
Derived terms
[edit]- заха́кам pf (zahákam), заха́квам impf (zahákvam)
- наха́кам pf (nahákam), наха́квам impf (nahákvam)
- преха́кам pf (prehákam), преха́квам impf (prehákvam)
- ха́квам (hákvam) (semelfactive)
Related terms
[edit]- хо́кам (hókam, “to rebuke, to scold”)
References
[edit]- “хакам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
- “хакам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
- Nayden Gerov, Тодор Панчев (1904) “ха́камь (ха́квамь, да ха́кнѫ, ха́кнувамь)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language][1] (in Bulgarian), volume 5, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 482