ворогъ

Old East Slavic

FWOTD – 20 June 2014

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *vȏrgъ (“enemy, foe”). Doublet of врагъ (vragŭ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʋɔrɔɡʊ/→/ˈʋɔrɔɡʊ/→/ˈʋɔrɔːɡ/

• (ca. 9^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋɔrɔɡʊ/
• (ca. 11^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋɔrɔɡʊ/
• (ca. 13^th CE) IPA^(key): /ˈʋɔrɔːɡ/

• Hyphenation: во‧ро‧гъ

Noun

ворогъ (vorogŭ) m

1. enemy, foe
   • Иоанъ, editor (1076), “ровога”, in Изборник 1076 года [Izbornik of 1076]‎^[1], page 477 (239), line -5

     Гл҃аше старьць· ѥсть ѿ ровога простьрто пощениѥ· ибо оученици сего се творѧть· како оубо разоумѣѥмъ бж҃иѥ црсьско пощениѥ· […]

     Gl:aše starĭcĭ· jestĭ otŭ rovoga prostĭrto poščenije· ibo učenici sego se tvorętĭ· kako ubo razumějemŭ bž:ije crsĭsko poščenije· […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Лаврентеи, editor (1377), “ворогъ”, in Повѣсти времѧньнꙑх лѣ т [Laurentian Codex]‎^[2], 11th century, page (leaf) 76, line 5, s.a. 6603 (1095):

     […] се тꙑ не шелъ ѥси с нама на поганꙑꙗ . иже погубили суть землю Русьскую . а се у тобе есть Итларевичь . любо убии любо и даи нама . то есть ворогъ Русьстѣи земли.

     […] se ty ne šelŭ jesi s nama na poganyja . iže pogubili sutĭ zemlju Rusĭskuju . a se u tobe estĭ Itlarevičĭ . ljubo ubii ljubo i dai nama . to estĭ vorogŭ Rusĭstěi zemli.

     […] you did not fight with us against the pagans that destroyed the land of the Rus, while you keep the son of Itlar - either kill him or give him to us, for he is the enemy of Rus.

Declension

Declension of ворогъ (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ворогъ vorogŭ	ворога voroga	ворози vorozi
Genitive	ворога voroga	ворогу vorogu	ворогъ vorogŭ
Dative	ворогу vorogu	ворогома vorogoma	ворогомъ vorogomŭ
Accusative	ворогъ vorogŭ	ворога voroga	ворогꙑ vorogy
Instrumental	ворогъмь vorogŭmĭ	ворогома vorogoma	ворогꙑ vorogy
Locative	ворозѣ vorozě	ворогу vorogu	ворозѣхъ vorozěxŭ
Vocative	вороже vorože	ворога voroga	ворози vorozi

Derived terms

• ворожьбитъ (vorožĭbitŭ, “enemy”)
• ворожьда (vorožĭda, “enmity”)
• ворожьство (vorožĭstvo, “hostility”)

Related terms

• ворожа (voroža, “enchantment”)
• ворожениѥ (voroženije, “augury, enchanting”)
• ворожеꙗ (vorožeja, “enchantress”)
• ворожити (vorožiti, “to augur, enchant”)

Descendants

• Old Ruthenian: во́рогъ (vóroh)
  • Belarusian: во́раг (vórah)
  • Carpathian Rusyn: во́рог (vóroh)
  • Ukrainian: во́рог (vóroh)
• Russian: во́рог (vórog) (poetic)

References

• Barkhudarov, S. G., editor (1976), “ворогъ”, in Словарь русского языка XI–XVII вв. [Dictionary of the Russian Language: 11ᵗʰ–17ᵗʰ cc.] (in Russian), issue 3 (володѣнье – вящьшина), Moscow: Nauka, page 32
• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1893) “ворогъ”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[3] (in Russian), volume 1 (А – К), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 302

Russian

Noun

во́рогъ • (vórog) m anim (genitive во́рога, nominative plural во́роги, genitive plural во́роговъ)

1. Pre-1918 spelling of во́рог (vórog).

Declension

Pre-reform declension of во́рогъ (anim masc-form velar-stem accent-a) 

	singular	plural
nominative	во́рогъ vórog	во́роги vórogi
genitive	во́рога vóroga	во́роговъ vórogov
dative	во́рогу vórogu	во́рогамъ vórogam
accusative	во́рога vóroga	во́роговъ vórogov
instrumental	во́рогомъ vórogom	во́рогами vórogami
prepositional	во́рогѣ vórogě	во́рогахъ vórogax