ψεύδω
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Etymology
[edit]No convincing Indo-European etymology; probably from Pre-Greek, as evidenced by the irregular alternation between /d/ and /tʰ/ in related terms, the latter in e.g. ψύθος (psúthos, “lie, untruth”), ψυθῶνες (psuthônes, “slanderers”) and the Homeric aorist ἔψυθεν (épsuthen). The oft-compared Old Armenian սուտ (sut, “false; falsehood, lie”) may still be related, if derived from a substrate language related to Pre-Greek.[1] Compare also ψύδραξ (psúdrax, “pustule(s)”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /psěu̯.dɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpsew.do/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpseβ.ðo/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpsev.ðo/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpsev.ðo/
Verb
[edit]ψεύδω • (pseúdō)
- (active voice) to lie, deceive
- (middle voice, indirect reflexive) to lie for one's own benefit, cheat by lies
- (passive voice)
Inflection
[edit] Present: ψεύδω, ψεύδομαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔψευδον | ἔψευδες | ἔψευδε(ν) | ἐψεύδετον | ἐψευδέτην | ἐψεύδομεν | ἐψεύδετε | ἔψευδον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐψευδόμην | ἐψεύδου | ἐψεύδετο | ἐψεύδεσθον | ἐψευδέσθην | ἐψευδόμεθᾰ | ἐψεύδεσθε | ἐψεύδοντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ψεύσω | ψεύσεις | ψεύσει | ψεύσετον | ψεύσετον | ψεύσομεν | ψεύσετε | ψεύσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | ψεύσοιμῐ | ψεύσοις | ψεύσοι | ψεύσοιτον | ψευσοίτην | ψεύσοιμεν | ψεύσοιτε | ψεύσοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | ψεύσομαι | ψεύσῃ, ψεύσει |
ψεύσεται | ψεύσεσθον | ψεύσεσθον | ψευσόμεθᾰ | ψεύσεσθε | ψεύσονται | ||||
optative | ψευσοίμην | ψεύσοιο | ψεύσοιτο | ψεύσοισθον | ψευσοίσθην | ψευσοίμεθᾰ | ψεύσοισθε | ψεύσοιντο | |||||
passive | indicative | ψευσθήσομαι | ψευσθήσῃ | ψευσθήσεται | ψευσθήσεσθον | ψευσθήσεσθον | ψευσθησόμεθᾰ | ψευσθήσεσθε | ψευσθήσονται | ||||
optative | ψευσθησοίμην | ψευσθήσοιο | ψευσθήσοιτο | ψευσθήσοισθον | ψευσθησοίσθην | ψευσθησοίμεθᾰ | ψευσθήσοισθε | ψευσθήσοιντο | |||||
active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
infinitive | ψεύσειν | ψεύσεσθαι | ψευσθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
participle | m | ψεύσων | ψευσόμενος | ψευσθησόμενος | |||||||||
f | ψεύσουσᾰ | ψευσομένη | ψευσθησομένη | ||||||||||
n | ψεῦσον | ψευσόμενον | ψευσθησόμενον | ||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Perfect: ἔψευσμαι
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἔψευσμαι | ἔψευσαι | ἔψευσται | ἔψευσθον | ἔψευσθον | ἐψεύσμεθᾰ | ἔψευσθε | ἐψεύδᾰται | ||||
subjunctive | ἐψευσμένος ὦ | ἐψευσμένος ᾖς | ἐψευσμένος ᾖ | ἐψευσμένω ἦτον | ἐψευσμένω ἦτον | ἐψευσμένοι ὦμεν | ἐψευσμένοι ἦτε | ἐψευσμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | ἐψευσμένος εἴην | ἐψευσμένος εἴης | ἐψευσμένος εἴη | ἐψευσμένω εἴητον/εἶτον | ἐψευσμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην | ἐψευσμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν | ἐψευσμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε | ἐψευσμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν | |||||
imperative | ἔψευσο | ἐψεύσθω | ἔψευσθον | ἐψεύσθων | ἔψευσθε | ἐψεύσθων | |||||||
middle/passive | |||||||||||||
infinitive | ἐψεῦσθαι | ||||||||||||
participle | m | ἐψευσμένος | |||||||||||
f | ἐψευσμένη | ||||||||||||
n | ἐψευσμένον | ||||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Pluperfect: ἐψεύσμην
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐψεύσμην | ἔψευσο | ἔψευστο | ἔψευσθον | ἐψεύσθην | ἐψεύσμεθᾰ | ἔψευσθε | ἐψεύδᾰτο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- ἄψευστος (ápseustos, “without deceit: truthful, honest”)
- διαψεύδω (diapseúdō, “to deny, refute, contradict”)
- καταψεύδομαι (katapseúdomai, “to slander, tell lies against, speak falsely of”)
- καταψευσμός (katapseusmós, “slander”, noun)
- καταψεύστης (katapseústēs, “liar; commentor”)
- ψευδάριον (pseudárion, “fallacy”), Ψευδάρια pl (Pseudária, title of a treatise by Euclid, literally “Fallacies”)
- ψευδής (pseudḗs), ψαυδής (psaudḗs)
- ψεῦστις (pseûstis)
- ψευστήρ (pseustḗr)
- ψεύστειρα (pseústeira)
- ψεῦδις (pseûdis, “poet; word”)
- ψεῦδος (pseûdos, “lie, untruth”)
- ψευδών (pseudṓn)
- ψεῦσμα (pseûsma, “lie, deceit”)
- ψούδιον (psoúdion, “lie, untruth”)
- ψύδος (psúdos), ψύθος (psúthos, “lie, untruth”)
- Ψυδρεύς (Psudreús, “Hermaios”, name of a month)
- ψυδρός (psudrós, “false, fraudulent”)
- ψυθῶνες (psuthônes, “slanderers?”)
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ψεύδομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1663–1664
- ^ Rijksbaron, Albert (2006) The Syntax and Semantics of the Verb in Classical Greek. University of Chicago Press, p. 155, section 45.2, note 5.
Further reading
[edit]- “ψεύδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ψεύδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ψεύδω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette