χθαμαλός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰǵʰemelo-, from *dʰéǵʰōm (“earth”) (whence χθών (khthṓn), Sanskrit kṣam). Cognate with Latin humilis, Phrygian ζεμελως (zemelōs, “man”).

Same Proto-Indo-European root gave both the nouns for man and earth (Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm); compare Latin homō (“human being, man”) and humus (“ground, soil”), and similar semantic shift occurring in Semitic languages: Hebrew אָדָם (adám, “man”), אדמה (adamá, “soil”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.ma.lós/ → /xθa.maˈlos/ → /xθa.maˈlos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.ma.lós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰtʰa.maˈlos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xθa.maˈlos/

Adjective

χθᾰμᾰλός • (khthămălós) m (feminine χθᾰμᾰλή, neuter χθᾰμᾰλόν); first/second declension

1. low, near the ground, creeping
2. sunken, flat
3. epithet of Ithaca

Inflection

First and second declension of χθᾰμᾰλός; χθᾰμᾰλή; χθᾰμᾰλόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χθᾰμᾰλός khthămălós	χθᾰμᾰλή khthămălḗ	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthămălón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthămălā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ		χθᾰμᾰλοί khthămăloí	χθᾰμᾰλαί khthămălaí	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthămălắ
Genitive		χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthămăloû	χθᾰμᾰλῆς khthămălês	χθᾰμᾰλοῦ khthămăloû		χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthămăloîn	χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthămălaîn	χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthămăloîn		χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthămălôn	χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthămălôn	χθᾰμᾰλῶν khthămălôn
Dative		χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthămălôi	χθᾰμᾰλῇ khthămălêi	χθᾰμᾰλῷ khthămălôi		χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthămăloîn	χθᾰμᾰλαῖν khthămălaîn	χθᾰμᾰλοῖν khthămăloîn		χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthămăloîs	χθᾰμᾰλαῖς khthămălaîs	χθᾰμᾰλοῖς khthămăloîs
Accusative		χθᾰμᾰλόν khthămălón	χθᾰμᾰλήν khthămălḗn	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthămălón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthămălā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ		χθᾰμᾰλούς khthămăloús	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ς khthămălā́s	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthămălắ
Vocative		χθᾰμᾰλέ khthămălé	χθᾰμᾰλή khthămălḗ	χθᾰμᾰλόν khthămălón		χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ	χθᾰμᾰλᾱ́ khthămălā́	χθᾰμᾰλώ khthămălṓ		χθᾰμᾰλοί khthămăloí	χθᾰμᾰλαί khthămălaí	χθᾰμᾰλᾰ́ khthămălắ
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χθᾰμᾰλῶς khthămălôs				χθᾰμᾰλώτερος khthămălṓteros				χθᾰμᾰλώτᾰτος khthămălṓtătos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

• → Translingual: Chthamalus

Further reading

• “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χθαμαλός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “χθαμαλός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• χθαμαλός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• χθαμαλός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963