πλήθω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *plḗtʰō, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- with root extension like plebs. Cognates include Latin pleo, Sanskrit पिपर्ति (piparti, “to fill”) and Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬞𐬁𐬟𐬭𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hampāfrāⁱti).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /plɛ̌ː.tʰɔː/ → /ˈpli.θo/ → /ˈpli.θo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /plɛ̌ː.tʰɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈple̝.tʰo/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈpli.θo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈpli.θo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈpli.θo/

Verb

πλήθω • (plḗthō)

1. to be or become full, to swell
   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1220
   • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 420
   • 310 BCE – 240 BCE, Callimachus, Fr. 166
   • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Herodas, Collected Works 7.84
   • 750 BCE – 650 BCE, Hesiod, The Shield of Heracles 478
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.87
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 11.492
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.484
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.218
   • 630 BCE – 570 BCE, Sappho, Collected Works 3
   • 556 BCE – 468 BCE, Simonides, Fragmenta 142.7
   • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Theocritus, Collected Works 22.38
   1. (transitive, only in later poets)
      • 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 3.1392
      • 300 BCE – 250 BCE, Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.564
      • Oppian, Cynegetica 1.126
      • 300 CE – 400 CE, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 6.345
      • 300 CE – 400 CE, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica 14.607
2. to go through a period of time (from the filling of the moon)

Usage notes

Intransitive counterpart of πίμπλημῐ (pímplēmi).

Inflection

   Present: πλήθω

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	πλήθω	πλήθεις	πλήθει	πλήθετον	πλήθετον	πλήθομεν	πλήθετε	πλήθουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	πλήθω	πλήθῃς	πλήθῃ	πλήθητον	πλήθητον	πλήθωμεν	πλήθητε	πλήθωσῐ(ν)
	optative	πλήθοιμῐ	πλήθοις	πλήθοι	πλήθοιτον	πληθοίτην	πλήθοιμεν	πλήθοιτε	πλήθοιεν
	imperative		πλῆθε	πληθέτω	πλήθετον	πληθέτων		πλήθετε	πληθόντων
		active
infinitive		πλήθειν
participle	m	πλήθων
	f	πλήθουσᾰ
	n	πλῆθον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἔπληθον

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔπληθον	ἔπληθες	ἔπληθε(ν)	ἐπλήθετον	ἐπληθέτην	ἐπλήθομεν	ἐπλήθετε	ἔπληθον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Perfect: πέπληθᾰ

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	πέπληθᾰ	πέπληθᾰς	πέπληθε(ν)	πεπλήθᾰτον	πεπλήθᾰτον	πεπλήθᾰμεν	πεπλήθᾰτε	πεπλήθᾱσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	πεπλήθω	πεπλήθῃς	πεπλήθῃ	πεπλήθητον	πεπλήθητον	πεπλήθωμεν	πεπλήθητε	πεπλήθωσῐ(ν)
	optative	πεπλήθοιμῐ, πεπληθοίην	πεπλήθοις, πεπληθοίης	πεπλήθοι, πεπληθοίη	πεπλήθοιτον	πεπληθοίτην	πεπλήθοιμεν	πεπλήθοιτε	πεπλήθοιεν
	imperative		πέπληθε	πεπληθέτω	πεπλήθετον	πεπληθέτων		πεπλήθετε	πεπληθόντων
		active
infinitive		πεπληθέναι
participle	m	πεπληθώς
	f	πεπληθυῖᾰ
	n	πεπληθός
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Pluperfect: ἐπεπλήθειν

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἐπεπλήθειν, ἐπεπλήθη	ἐπεπλήθεις, ἐπεπλήθης	ἐπεπλήθει(ν)	ἐπεπλήθετον	ἐπεπληθέτην	ἐπεπλήθεμεν	ἐπεπλήθετε	ἐπεπλήθεσᾰν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

• ἀνᾰπλήθω (anaplḗthō)
• ἐμπλήθομαι (emplḗthomai)
• περιπλήθω (periplḗthō)

Related terms

• πλῆθος (plêthos)
• πληθύνω (plēthúnō)
• πληθύς (plēthús)
• πληθύω (plēthúō)

Descendants

• English: Plethon

Further reading

• “πλήθω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “πλήθω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “πλήθω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• πλήθω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• πλήθω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “πλήθω”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G4130 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • abound idem, page 2.
  • crowd idem, page 186.
  • full idem, page 348.
  • swarm idem, page 846.
  • teem idem, page 859.
• “πλήθω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011