λάβρος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

λαῦρος (laûros)

Etymology

Unknown. Beekes rejects the traditional connections to λαβεῖν (labeîn) and λάζομαι (lázomai, “to seize, grasp”) and tentatively derives the word from Pre-Greek, albeit without strong evidence of typical Pre-Greek alternation patterns.^[1]

Another theory derives the word from a dissimilation of from Proto-Indo-European *rabʰros, from *rabʰ- (“to rage, to be furious, to anger”) (whence also Latin rabiō, rabiēs and Sanskrit रभस् (rabhas)); though semantically sound, this is phonetically difficult, as the expected form going from *ράφρος (*ráphros) > λάβρος (lábros) requires two consonant changes. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /lá.bros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈla.bros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.βros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /lǎː.bros/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈla.bros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.βros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈla.vros/

Adjective

λᾱ́βρος • (lā́bros) m or f (neuter λᾱ́βρον); second declension (Homeric)
λᾰ́βρος • (lắbros) m or f (neuter λᾰ́βρον); second declension (Post-Homeric)
λᾰ́βρος • (lắbros) m (feminine λᾰ́βρᾱ, neuter λᾰ́βρον); first/second declension (Post-Homeric, rare)

(Homeric, of wind and water) furious, boisterous
(Homeric, of the Hellespont personified) huge, mighty
(Post-Homeric, of men) boisterous, turbulent
(Post-Homeric, of men, of speech) hasty
(Post-Homeric, of men) fierce, violent, impetuous

Usage notes

The initial alpha is long by position in Epic Greek but short in later texts. Although Homer does not use λάβρος to describe people or their speech, he has the related words λαβραγόρης and λαβρεύομαι used in those ways.

Declension

Second declension of λᾱ́βρος; λᾱ́βρον (Epic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	λᾱ́βρος lā́bros	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βροι lā́broi	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bră
Genitive	λᾱ́βρου / λᾱβροῖο / λᾱ́βροιο / λᾱβρόο / λᾱ́βροο lā́brou / lābroîo / lā́broio / lābróo / lā́broo	λᾱ́βρου / λᾱβροῖο / λᾱ́βροιο / λᾱβρόο / λᾱ́βροο lā́brou / lābroîo / lā́broio / lābróo / lā́broo	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiĭn	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiĭn	λᾱ́βρων lā́brōn	λᾱ́βρων lā́brōn
Dative	λᾱ́βρῳ lā́brōi	λᾱ́βρῳ lā́brōi	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiĭn	λᾱ́βροιῐν lā́broiĭn	λᾱ́βροισῐ / λᾱ́βροισῐν / λᾱ́βροις lā́broisĭ(n) / lā́brois	λᾱ́βροισῐ / λᾱ́βροισῐν / λᾱ́βροις lā́broisĭ(n) / lā́brois
Accusative	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρους lā́brous	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bră
Vocative	λᾱ́βρε lā́bre	λᾱ́βρον lā́bron	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βρω lā́brō	λᾱ́βροι lā́broi	λᾱ́βρᾰ lā́bră
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	λᾱ́βρως lā́brōs		λᾱβρότερος lābróteros		λᾱβρότᾰτος lābrótătos
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Second declension of λᾰ́βρος; λᾰ́βρον (Attic)

Number	Singular		Dual		Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter	Masculine / Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	λᾰ́βρος lắbros	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βροι lắbroi	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Genitive	λᾰ́βρου lắbrou	λᾰ́βρου lắbrou	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βρων lắbrōn	λᾰ́βρων lắbrōn
Dative	λᾰ́βρῳ lắbrōi	λᾰ́βρῳ lắbrōi	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βροις lắbrois	λᾰ́βροις lắbrois
Accusative	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρους lắbrous	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Vocative	λᾰ́βρε lắbre	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βροι lắbroi	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Derived forms	Adverb		Comparative		Superlative
Derived forms	λᾰ́βρως lắbrōs		λᾰβρότερος lăbróteros		λᾰβρότᾰτος lăbrótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of λᾰ́βρος; λᾰ́βρᾱ; λᾰ́βρον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	λᾰ́βρος lắbros	λᾰ́βρᾱ lắbrā	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lắbrā	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βροι lắbroi	λᾰ́βραι lắbrai	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Genitive	λᾰ́βρου lắbrou	λᾰ́βρᾱς lắbrās	λᾰ́βρου lắbrou	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βραιν lắbrain	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βρων lắbrōn	λᾰ́βρων lắbrōn	λᾰ́βρων lắbrōn
Dative	λᾰ́βρῳ lắbrōi	λᾰ́βρᾳ lắbrāi	λᾰ́βρῳ lắbrōi	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βραιν lắbrain	λᾰ́βροιν lắbroin	λᾰ́βροις lắbrois	λᾰ́βραις lắbrais	λᾰ́βροις lắbrois
Accusative	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρᾱν lắbrān	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lắbrā	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρους lắbrous	λᾰ́βρᾱς lắbrās	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Vocative	λᾰ́βρε lắbre	λᾰ́βρᾱ lắbrā	λᾰ́βρον lắbron	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βρᾱ lắbrā	λᾰ́βρω lắbrō	λᾰ́βροι lắbroi	λᾰ́βραι lắbrai	λᾰ́βρᾰ lắbră
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	λᾰ́βρως lắbrōs			λᾰβρότερος lăbróteros			λᾰβρότᾰτος lăbrótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

λαβραγορέω (labragoréō)
λαβραγόρης (labragórēs)
λαβράζω (labrázō)
λαβράκιον (labrákion)
λαβράκτης (labráktēs)
λαβράνιος (labránios)
λάβραξ (lábrax)
λαβρεία (labreía)
λαβρεύομαι (labreúomai)
λαβρηγορέω (labrēgoréō)
λαβροβόρος (labrobóros)
λαβρόνιον (labrónion)
λαβρόομαι (labróomai)
λαβροπόδης (labropódēs)
λαβροποσία (labroposía)
λαβροποτέω (labropotéō)
λαβροσιάων (labrosiáōn)
λαβροστομέω (labrostoméō)
λαβροστομία (labrostomía)
λαβροσύνη (labrosúnē)
λαβρόσυτος (labrósutos)
λαβρότης (labrótēs)
λαβροφαγέω (labrophagéō)
λαβρύσσει (labrússei)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “λάβρος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 818