κινάρα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

• κύναρα (kúnara)

Etymology

The ι-υ variation has been referred to suggest a Pre-Greek origin, although it is only attested in the later Hellenistic period, and it could be borrowed from an Aramaic byform equivalent to the one which Persian کنگر (kangar, “cardoon”) is borrowed from, this meaning attested in Northeastern Neo-Aramaic ܩܰܩܢܳܐ (qaqna), ܩܰܠܩܳܐ (qalqa, “cardoon”), identical to Classical Syriac ܩܠܩܐ (qalqā, qelqā, “taro”), and therefore ܩܠܩܐܣ (qōlqās), ܩܠܘܩܣ (qōlqōs), ܩܠܘܩܘܣ (qōlōqōs, “taro”) and κολοκασία (kolokasía, “sacred lotus; taro”), implying a Western Aramaic emphatic state shaped /qɪˈŋarɑː/, since the ܪܒܨܐ (rəḇāṣā) diacritic for /ɛ/ in the best-attested Aramaic lect Syriac regularly corresponds to ḥiriq for /ɪ/ in other lects.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ki.ná.raː/ → /ciˈna.ra/ → /ciˈna.ra/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ki.ná.raː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kiˈna.ra/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ciˈna.ra/

Noun

κῐνάρᾱ • (kinárā) f (genitive κῐνάρᾱς); first declension

1. artichoke (Cynara scolymus)

Inflection

First declension of ἡ κῐνάρᾱ; τῆς κῐνάρᾱς (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἡ κῐνάρᾱ hē kinárā	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kinárā	αἱ κῐνάραι hai kinárai
Genitive	τῆς κῐνάρᾱς tês kinárās	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kinárain	τῶν κῐναρῶν tôn kinarôn
Dative	τῇ κῐνάρᾳ têi kinárāi	τοῖν κῐνάραιν toîn kinárain	ταῖς κῐνάραις taîs kinárais
Accusative	τὴν κῐνάρᾱν tḕn kinárān	τὼ κῐνάρᾱ tṑ kinárā	τᾱ̀ς κῐνάρᾱς tā̀s kinárās
Vocative	κῐνάρᾱ kinárā	κῐνάρᾱ kinárā	κῐνάραι kinárai
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

• ἀγρῐοκῐνᾰ́ρᾱ (agriokinárā)
• κῐνᾰρεών (kinareṓn)
• κῐνᾰρηφᾰ́γος (kinarēphágos)

 

Descendants

• Byzantine Greek: ἀγκινάρα (ankinára)
  • Greek: αγκινάρα (agkinára), αγγινάρα f (anginára)
    • → Albanian: angjinare
    • → Ottoman Turkish: انكنار (enginar, inginar)
      • Turkish: enginar
      • → Armenian: էնկինար (ēnkinar)
      • → Azerbaijani: ənginar
      • → Ladino: endjinara
      • → Persian: انگنار (angenâr, engenâr)
    • → Romanian: anghinare
• → Classical Syriac: ܩܘܢܪܐ (*kunārā), ܩܝܢܪܣ (*kinārās), ܩܢܪܘܣ (*kinārūs, kunārūs)
• → Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: קִינְרָסָא (qinərāsā)
  • → Hebrew: קִנְרָס (qinrás)
• → Latin: cinara, cynara
  • → Translingual: Cynara
  • ⇒ Latin: cinaria, cynaria
    • → Translingual: Cynaria
    • → Arabic: قِنَّارِيّة (qinnāriyya), قَنَّارِيّة (qannāriyya) (Al-Andalus, Morocco)
      • → Old Spanish: alcanería
      • → Catalan: alcanària

Further reading

• “κινάρα”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• κινάρα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• “κινάρα”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
• Frisk, Hjalmar (1960) “κινάρα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, page 854