κάρφω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *(s)krebʰ- (“to wither, warp, stiffen”), which Frisk considers sound-symbolic, with cognates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic including Russian коро́бить (koróbitʹ, “to bend, warp”), Lithuanian skrèbti (“to get stiff”), Old Norse skorpna (“to writhe, wither”). However, the consistent α-vocalism of the Greek words is problematic; based on this, Beekes derives the Greek word from Pre-Greek. It is still possible that the Balto-Slavic and Germanic terms are cognate with the Greek, whether via borrowing from a common substrate source, or via irregular sound changes from *(s)krebʰ- which are not particularly unusual for sound-symbolic roots, as Frisk notes.^[1]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kár.pʰɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈkar.pʰo/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈkar.ɸo/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈkar.fo/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈkar.fo/

Verb

κᾰ́ρφω • (kắrphō)

to dry up, wither, shrivel

Inflection

Present: κᾰ́ρφω, κᾰ́ρφομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	κᾰ́ρφω	κᾰ́ρφεις	κᾰ́ρφει	κᾰ́ρφετον	κᾰ́ρφετον	κᾰ́ρφομεν	κᾰ́ρφετε	κᾰ́ρφουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	κᾰ́ρφω	κᾰ́ρφῃς	κᾰ́ρφῃ	κᾰ́ρφητον	κᾰ́ρφητον	κᾰ́ρφωμεν	κᾰ́ρφητε	κᾰ́ρφωσῐ(ν)
	optative	κᾰ́ρφοιμῐ	κᾰ́ρφοις	κᾰ́ρφοι	κᾰ́ρφοιτον	κᾰρφοίτην	κᾰ́ρφοιμεν	κᾰ́ρφοιτε	κᾰ́ρφοιεν
	imperative		κᾰ́ρφε	κᾰρφέτω	κᾰ́ρφετον	κᾰρφέτων		κᾰ́ρφετε	κᾰρφόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	κᾰ́ρφομαι	κᾰ́ρφῃ, κᾰ́ρφει	κᾰ́ρφεται	κᾰ́ρφεσθον	κᾰ́ρφεσθον	κᾰρφόμεθᾰ	κᾰ́ρφεσθε	κᾰ́ρφονται
	subjunctive	κᾰ́ρφωμαι	κᾰ́ρφῃ	κᾰ́ρφηται	κᾰ́ρφησθον	κᾰ́ρφησθον	κᾰρφώμεθᾰ	κᾰ́ρφησθε	κᾰ́ρφωνται
	optative	κᾰρφοίμην	κᾰ́ρφοιο	κᾰ́ρφοιτο	κᾰ́ρφοισθον	κᾰρφοίσθην	κᾰρφοίμεθᾰ	κᾰ́ρφοισθε	κᾰ́ρφοιντο
	imperative		κᾰ́ρφου	κᾰρφέσθω	κᾰ́ρφεσθον	κᾰρφέσθων		κᾰ́ρφεσθε	κᾰρφέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		κᾰ́ρφειν				κᾰ́ρφεσθαι
participle	m	κᾰ́ρφων				κᾰρφόμενος
	f	κᾰ́ρφουσᾰ				κᾰρφομένη
	n	κᾰ́ρφον				κᾰρφόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: κᾰ́ρψω, κᾰ́ρψομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	κᾰ́ρψω	κᾰ́ρψεις	κᾰ́ρψει	κᾰ́ρψετον	κᾰ́ρψετον	κᾰ́ρψομεν	κᾰ́ρψετε	κᾰ́ρψουσῐ(ν)
active	optative	κᾰ́ρψοιμῐ	κᾰ́ρψοις	κᾰ́ρψοι	κᾰ́ρψοιτον	κᾰρψοίτην	κᾰ́ρψοιμεν	κᾰ́ρψοιτε	κᾰ́ρψοιεν
middle	indicative	κᾰ́ρψομαι	κᾰ́ρψῃ, κᾰ́ρψει	κᾰ́ρψεται	κᾰ́ρψεσθον	κᾰ́ρψεσθον	κᾰρψόμεθᾰ	κᾰ́ρψεσθε	κᾰ́ρψονται
middle	optative	κᾰρψοίμην	κᾰ́ρψοιο	κᾰ́ρψοιτο	κᾰ́ρψοισθον	κᾰρψοίσθην	κᾰρψοίμεθᾰ	κᾰ́ρψοισθε	κᾰ́ρψοιντο
		active			middle
infinitive		κᾰ́ρψειν			κᾰ́ρψεσθαι
participle	m	κᾰ́ρψων			κᾰρψόμενος
	f	κᾰ́ρψουσᾰ			κᾰρψομένη
	n	κᾰ́ρψον			κᾰρψόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

κᾰρφᾰλέος (kărphăléos)
καρφαρεῖον (karphareîon)
κᾰρφεῖᾰ (kărpheîă)
κᾰρφηρός (kărphērós)
κᾰρφῐ́ον (kărphĭ́on)
κᾰρφῐσμός (kărphĭsmós)
κᾰρφῑ́της (kărphī́tēs)
κᾰρφοειδής (kărphoeidḗs)
κᾰρφολογέω (kărphologéō)
καρφομιγής (karphomigḗs)
καρφοπέταλον (karphopétalon)
κᾰ́ρφος (kắrphos)
κᾰρφώδης (kărphṓdēs)
καρφώνω (karphṓnō)
κᾰτᾰκᾰ́ρφω (kătăkắrphō)
ὑποκᾰ́ρφω (hupokắrphō)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάρφω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 651-2