šꜣꜥ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈʀaʕ/ → /ʃaˈʀaʕ/ → /ʃəˈaʕ/ → /ʃaʕ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈʀaʕ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʃaˈʀaʕ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʃəˈaʕ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ʃaʕ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ʃɑʔɑː/
  • Conventional anglicization: shaa

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to start, to begin

Inflection

Conjugation of šꜣꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: šꜣꜥ, geminated stem: šꜣꜥꜥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
šꜣꜥ	šꜣꜥw, šꜣꜥ	šꜣꜥt	šꜣꜥ	šꜣꜥ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
šꜣꜥ	ḥr šꜣꜥ	m šꜣꜥ	r šꜣꜥ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	šꜣꜥ.n	šꜣꜥw, šꜣꜥ	consecutive	šꜣꜥ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	šꜣꜥt
perfective3	šꜣꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	šꜣꜥ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	šꜣꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	šꜣꜥ	šꜣꜥꜥ	potentialis1	šꜣꜥ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	šꜣꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	šꜣꜥ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	šꜣꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣꜥ	šꜣꜥ, šꜣꜥw5, šꜣꜥy5
imperfective	šꜣꜥ, šꜣꜥy, šꜣꜥw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	šꜣꜥ, šꜣꜥj6, šꜣꜥy6	šꜣꜥ, šꜣꜥw5
prospective	šꜣꜥ, šꜣꜥtj7	—	šꜣꜥtj4, šꜣꜥt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• šꜣꜥ r
• r šꜣꜥ

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 171.