wꜣḥ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʀaħ/ → /ˈwaːʀaħ/ → /ˈwaːʔəħ/ → /ˈwoːʔəħ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʀaħ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʀaħ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʔəħ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwoːʔəħ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /wɑh/
  • Conventional anglicization: wah

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to lay (down), to put, to set (down)
2. (transitive) to apply (a remedy)
3. (intransitive) to endure
4. (intransitive, as a non-attributive relative/emphatic form) used in introductory formulae for oaths, usually with a king or god as subject: As long as … endures, …
5. (transitive) to leave aside

Inflection

Conjugation of wꜣḥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wꜣḥ, geminated stem: wꜣḥḥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
wꜣḥ	wꜣḥw, wꜣḥ	wꜣḥt	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
wꜣḥ	ḥr wꜣḥ	m wꜣḥ	r wꜣḥ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	wꜣḥ.n	wꜣḥw, wꜣḥ	consecutive	wꜣḥ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	wꜣḥt
perfective3	wꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	wꜣḥ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	wꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥḥ	potentialis1	wꜣḥ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	wꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	wꜣḥ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	wꜣḥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ, wꜣḥw5, wꜣḥy5
imperfective	wꜣḥ, wꜣḥy, wꜣḥw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	wꜣḥ, wꜣḥj6, wꜣḥy6	wꜣḥ, wꜣḥw5
prospective	wꜣḥ, wꜣḥtj7	—	wꜣḥtj4, wꜣḥt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wꜣḥ  

wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥ	wꜣḥj
			[chiefly Old Kingdom]	[chiefly Old Kingdom]	[chiefly Old Kingdom]	[20th Dynasty]
						in hieratic

Derived terms

• wꜣḥ jb
• wꜣḥ ꜥḫ
• wꜣḥ mw
• wꜣḥ-nsyt-mj-rꜥ-m-pt
• wꜣḥt
• swꜣḥ
• swꜣḥt

 

Descendants

• Demotic: wꜣḥ
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh), ⲟⲩϩⲱ (ouhō)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲟϩ (ouoh), ⲟⲩⲁϩ (ouah), ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϩ (ouōh)

References

• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN
• Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 386.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 162