wšd

See also: wSd

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ → /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ → /ˈwaːʃətʼ/ → /ˈwoːʃətʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʃatʼ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwaːʃətʼ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈwoːʃətʼ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /wɛʃɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: weshed

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to address (someone); to direct speech to [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. (transitive) to question (someone), including to question (someone) judicially; to direct questions to [since the Middle Kingdom]
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17:

     
     

     jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt

     Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
     so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.

3. (transitive) to welcome (someone) with words or a gesture, to salute [since the Middle Kingdom]
4. (transitive) to esteem, to honor (someone) (+ ḥr: because of) [since the Middle Kingdom]
5. (intransitive, of gods, in formulaic oracular pronouncements) to assent, to agree [21st Dynasty]

Inflection

Conjugation of wšd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: wšd, geminated stem: wšdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
wšd	wšdw, wšd	wšdt	wšd	wšd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
wšd	ḥr wšd	m wšd	r wšd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	wšd.n	wšdw, wšd	consecutive	wšd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	wšdt
perfective3	wšd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	wšd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	wšd	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	wšd	wšdd	potentialis1	wšd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	wšd	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	wšd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	wšd	active + .tj1, .tw2	wšd	wšd, wšdw5, wšdy5
imperfective	wšd, wšdy, wšdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	wšd, wšdj6, wšdy6	wšd, wšdw5
prospective	wšd, wšdtj7	—	wšdtj4, wšdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of wšd  

wšd	wšd	wšd	wšdt	wšd
[Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[19th and 20th Dynasties]	[19th and 20th Dynasties]	[Late Period]
		in hieratic	in hieratic

Derived terms

• wšd r mdwt

 

Descendants

• Demotic: wšd, wšde, wšdj
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (ouōšt)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (ouōšt)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (ouōšt)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ (ouōšt), ⲟⲩⲁϣⲧ⸗ (ouašt⸗)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲩⲱϣⲧ̄ (ouōšt̄)

References

• “wšd (lemma ID 50700)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 375.7–375.15
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 71
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 273.