swꜣḏ

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wꜣḏ (“to be green, to be fresh”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛwɑd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sewadj

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to make green
2. (transitive) to freshen

Inflection

Conjugation of swꜣḏ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swꜣḏ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural swꜣḏ swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ swꜣḏt swꜣḏ swꜣḏ ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 swꜣḏ ḥr swꜣḏ m swꜣḏ r swꜣḏ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect swꜣḏ.n swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ consecutive swꜣḏ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative swꜣḏt perfective3 swꜣḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 swꜣḏ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective swꜣḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy swꜣḏw, swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy potentialis1 swꜣḏ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive swꜣḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect swꜣḏ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective swꜣḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 swꜣḏ swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5, swꜣḏy5 imperfective swꜣḏ, swꜣḏy, swꜣḏw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 swꜣḏ, swꜣḏj6, swꜣḏy6 swꜣḏ, swꜣḏw5 prospective swꜣḏ, swꜣḏtj7 — swꜣḏwtj1 4, swꜣḏtj4, swꜣḏt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• msꜣḏt

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 337.