swḫꜣ

Egyptian

FWOTD – 22 July 2023

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛwɛxɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sewekha

Etymology 1

s- (causative prefix) +‎ wḫꜣ (“to be foolish”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to befool, to make a fool of (someone)
   • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Eloquent Peasant, version B1 (pAmherst 1 and pBerlin 3023) lines 312–313:

     jw {sw}⟨ws⟩f.k r tht.k jw ꜥwn-jb.k r swḫꜣ.k jw snm.k r sḫpr ḫrwyw.k

     Your neglectfulness will violate you, your greed will make a fool of you, your rapacity will bring your enemies into being.

Inflection

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural swḫꜣ swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ swḫꜣt swḫꜣ swḫꜣ ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 swḫꜣ ḥr swḫꜣ m swḫꜣ r swḫꜣ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect swḫꜣ.n swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ consecutive swḫꜣ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative swḫꜣt perfective3 swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 swḫꜣ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy potentialis1 swḫꜣ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect swḫꜣ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 swḫꜣ swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5 imperfective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5 prospective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7 — swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  

swḫꜣ	swḫj

Noun

 m

1. misspeaking or ineffectiveness in speaking (usually of spells, magic, etc.)

Inflection

Declension of swḫꜣ (masculine)

singular	swḫꜣ
dual	swḫꜣwj
plural	swḫꜣw

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Etymology 2

Prefixed with s- (causative prefix); the stem is perhaps wḫ (“to be dark”).

Verb

 caus. 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to spend the night (+ m: in (a place))

Inflection

Conjugation of swḫꜣ (causative triliteral / caus. 3-lit. / caus. 3rad.) — base stem: swḫꜣ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural swḫꜣ swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ swḫꜣt swḫꜣ swḫꜣ ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 swḫꜣ ḥr swḫꜣ m swḫꜣ r swḫꜣ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect swḫꜣ.n swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ consecutive swḫꜣ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative swḫꜣt perfective3 swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 swḫꜣ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy swḫꜣw, swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy potentialis1 swḫꜣ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect swḫꜣ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective swḫꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 swḫꜣ swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5, swḫꜣy5 imperfective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣy, swḫꜣw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣj6, swḫꜣy6 swḫꜣ, swḫꜣw5 prospective swḫꜣ, swḫꜣtj7 — swḫꜣwtj1 4, swḫꜣtj4, swḫꜣt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of swḫꜣ  

swḫ	swḫꜣ	sḫꜣ
	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

References

• “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130690)”, “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 851604)”, and “swḫꜣ (lemma ID 130680)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 74.6–74.9
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 217–218