spr

See also: SPR

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Arabic سَفَر (safar)

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛpɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: seper

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to arrive (+ r: to arrive at, to get to (some place), to reach (someone))
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 173–174:

     spr.n.n r ẖnw ḥr ꜣbd snwj mj ḏdt.n.f nbt

     We arrived home in two months like everything he had said.

   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22:

     jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr(.w) r.f

     Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.

2. (transitive) to reach, to get to (some place or person)
   • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, introduction, right parallel, line 10, upper and lower divisions:

     št-mḏwtj jtrw ⟨pḥrt ꜥrr(w)t tn⟩ n(j) sprt wjꜣ dwꜣtjw

     Running to this gateway takes a hundred and twenty schenes before the barque reaches the afterworlders.

Inflection

Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr, geminated stem: sprr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
spr	sprw, spr	sprt	spr	spr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
spr	ḥr spr	m spr	r spr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	spr.n	sprw, spr	consecutive	spr.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sprt
perfective3	spr	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	spr.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	spr	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	spr	sprr	potentialis1	spr.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	spr	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	spr.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	spr	active + .tj1, .tw2	spr	spr, sprw5, spry5
imperfective	spr, spry, sprw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	spr, sprj6, spry6	spr, sprw5
prospective	spr, sprtj7	—	sprtj4, sprt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr	spr	spr
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• spr r dmj

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to petition, to appeal (+ n: to; + ḥr: against or about (something))

Inflection

Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr, geminated stem: sprr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
spr	sprw, spr	sprt	spr	spr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
spr	ḥr spr	m spr	r spr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	spr.n	consecutive	spr.jn
terminative	sprt
perfective3	spr	obligative1	spr.ḫr
imperfective	spr
prospective3	spr	potentialis1	spr.kꜣ
subjunctive	spr

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	spr.n	—	—
perfective	spr	spr	spr, sprw5, spry5
imperfective	spr, spry, sprw5	spr, sprj6, spry6	spr, sprw5
prospective	spr, sprtj7	sprtj4, sprt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr	spr
rare

Derived terms

• sprw

Noun

 m

1. rib of a human or animal
2. ribs as food

Inflection

Declension of spr (masculine)

singular	spr
dual	sprwj
plural	sprw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr

[18th-20th Dynasty]

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲫⲓⲣ (sphir)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲡⲓⲣ (spir)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 101.10–104.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 223
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 87, 196, 239.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 129, 163