spr

See also: SPR

Egyptian

Etymology

Compare Arabic سَفَر (safar)

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛpɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: seper

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to arrive (+ r: to arrive at, to get to (some place), to reach (someone))
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 173–174:

     spr.n.n r ẖnw ḥr ꜣbd snwj mj ḏdt.n.f nbt

     We arrived home in two months like everything he had said.

   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22:

     jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr(.w) r.f

     Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.

2. (transitive) to reach, to get to (some place or person)
   • c. 1401 BCE, Amduat of Amenhotep II (tomb of Amenhotep II, KV35) First Hour, introduction, right parallel, line 10, upper and lower divisions:

     št-mḏwtj jtrw ⟨pḥrt ꜥrr(w)t tn⟩ n(j) sprt wjꜣ dwꜣtjw

     Running to this gateway takes a hundred and twenty schenes before the barque reaches the afterworlders.

Inflection

Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr, geminated stem: sprr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural spr sprw, spr sprt spr spr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 spr ḥr spr m spr r spr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect spr.n sprw, spr consecutive spr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative sprt perfective3 spr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 spr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective spr active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 spr sprr potentialis1 spr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive spr active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect spr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective spr active + .tj1, .tw2 spr spr, sprw5, spry5 imperfective spr, spry, sprw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 spr, sprj6, spry6 spr, sprw5 prospective spr, sprtj7 — sprtj4, sprt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr	spr	spr
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]

Derived terms

• spr r dmj

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to petition, to appeal (+ n: to; + ḥr: against or about (something))

Inflection

Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr, geminated stem: sprr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural spr sprw, spr sprt spr spr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 spr ḥr spr m spr r spr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect spr.n consecutive spr.jn terminative sprt perfective3 spr obligative1 spr.ḫr imperfective spr prospective3 spr potentialis1 spr.kꜣ subjunctive spr verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect spr.n — — perfective spr spr spr, sprw5, spry5 imperfective spr, spry, sprw5 spr, sprj6, spry6 spr, sprw5 prospective spr, sprtj7 sprtj4, sprt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr	spr
rare

Derived terms

• sprw

Noun

 m

1. rib of a human or animal
2. ribs as food

Inflection

Declension of spr (masculine)

singular	spr
dual	sprwj
plural	sprw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr  

spr

[18th-20th Dynasty]

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲫⲓⲣ (sphir)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲡⲓⲣ (spir)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 101.10–104.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 223
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 87, 196, 239.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 129, 163