spdḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼacʼ/ → /ˈsaptʼaʔ/ → /ˈsaptʼa/ → /ˈsaptʼə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼacʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼaʔ/, with unexpected sound change /t’/ > /t/ (> /ʔ/)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼa/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛpdɛd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sepdedj

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (transitive) to prepare

Inflection

Conjugation of spdḏ (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: spdḏ

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural spdḏ spdḏw, spdḏ spdḏt spdḏ spdḏ ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 spdḏ ḥr spdḏ m spdḏ r spdḏ suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect spdḏ.n spdḏw, spdḏ consecutive spdḏ.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative spdḏt perfective3 spdḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 spdḏ.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective spdḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 spdḏw, spdḏ spdḏw, spdḏ potentialis1 spdḏ.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive spdḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect spdḏ.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective spdḏ active + .tj1, .tw2 spdḏ spdḏ, spdḏw5, spdḏy5 imperfective spdḏ, spdḏy, spdḏw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 spdḏ, spdḏj6, spdḏy6 spdḏ, spdḏw5 prospective spdḏ, spdḏtj7 — spdḏwtj1 4, spdḏtj4, spdḏt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spdḏ  

spdd

Descendants

• Demotic: sbt
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲧⲉ (sabte)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃϯ (sobti)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃϯ (sabti)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃⲧⲉ (sobte)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 162.