snḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /siˈnicʼ/ → /siˈnitʼ/ → /səˈnetʼ/ → /səˈnetʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /siˈnicʼ/ (infinitive)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /siˈnitʼ/ (infinitive)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈnetʼ/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /səˈnetʼ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛnɛd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: senedj

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) afraid (+ n, ḥr, r, or m: of; to fear)
2. (intransitive, with n) to respect, to revere; to hold in respect, awe, or reverence
3. (transitive) to be afraid (to do something)

Inflection

Conjugation of snḏ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: snḏ, geminated stem: snḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
snḏ	snḏw, snḏ	snḏt	snḏ	snḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
snḏ	ḥr snḏ	m snḏ	r snḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	snḏ.n	snḏw, snḏ	consecutive	snḏ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	snḏt
perfective3	snḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	snḏ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	snḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	snḏ	snḏḏ	potentialis1	snḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	snḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	snḏ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	snḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	snḏ	snḏ, snḏw5, snḏy5
imperfective	snḏ, snḏy, snḏw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	snḏ, snḏj6, snḏy6	snḏ, snḏw5
prospective	snḏ, snḏtj7	—	snḏtj4, snḏt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲛⲁⲧ (snat)

Noun

 m

1. Alternative form of snḏw (“fear”)

Inflection

Declension of snḏ (masculine)

singular	snḏ
dual	snḏwj
plural	snḏw

References

• “snḏ (lemma ID 138730)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1930) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 182.2–183.3
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 171, 276, 359.