rhwystro
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Compare Breton rouestl (“confusion”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈr̥ʊɨ̯sdrɔ/, [ˈr̥ʰʊɨ̯strɔ]
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈr̥ʊi̯sdrɔ/, [ˈr̥ʰʊi̯strɔ]
Verb
[edit]rhwystro (first-person singular present rhwystraf)
- (transitive) to prevent, to hinder, to impede
- Synonyms: atal, llesteirio, lluddias
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | rhwystraf | rhwystri | rhwystra | rhwystrwn | rhwystrwch | rhwystrant | rhwystrir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
rhwystrwn | rhwystrit | rhwystrai | rhwystrem | rhwystrech | rhwystrent | rhwystrid | |
| preterite | rhwystrais | rhwystraist | rhwystrodd | rhwystrasom | rhwystrasoch | rhwystrasant | rhwystrwyd | |
| pluperfect | rhwystraswn | rhwystrasit | rhwystrasai | rhwystrasem | rhwystrasech | rhwystrasent | rhwystrasid, rhwystresid | |
| present subjunctive | rhwystrwyf | rhwystrych | rhwystro | rhwystrom | rhwystroch | rhwystront | rhwystrer | |
| imperative | — | rhwystra | rhwystred | rhwystrwn | rhwystrwch | rhwystrent | rhwystrer | |
| verbal noun | rhwystro | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | rhwystredig rhwystradwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | rhwystra i, rhwystraf i | rhwystri di | rhwystrith o/e/hi, rhwystriff e/hi | rhwystrwn ni | rhwystrwch chi | rhwystran nhw |
| conditional | rhwystrwn i, rhwystrswn i | rhwystret ti, rhwystrset ti | rhwystrai fo/fe/hi, rhwystrsai fo/fe/hi | rhwystren ni, rhwystrsen ni | rhwystrech chi, rhwystrsech chi | rhwystren nhw, rhwystrsen nhw |
| preterite | rhwystrais i, rhwystres i | rhwystraist ti, rhwystrest ti | rhwystrodd o/e/hi | rhwystron ni | rhwystroch chi | rhwystron nhw |
| imperative | — | rhwystra | — | — | rhwystrwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- rhwystr (“hindrance, obstacle”)
- rhwystredig (“frustrated”)
- rhwystrus (“obstructive”)
Mutation
[edit]| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
|---|---|---|---|
| rhwystro | rwystro | unchanged | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
References
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “rhwystro”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies