pinjam

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay pinjam, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hinzam, a variant of *həzam, from Proto-Austronesian *Səzam. The appearance of the sound /p/ at the beginning of a word is most likely due to the addition of a prefix per-.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈpind͡ʒam/ [ˈpin.d͡ʒam]
• Rhymes: -ind͡ʒam
• Syllabification: pin‧jam

Verb

pinjam

1. (transitive) to borrow

Conjugation

Conjugation of pinjam (meng-, intransitive)

root	pinjam
	active	passive		basic imperative	emphatic jussive
		reflective1	ordinary
	ordinary
nominative	meminjam	terpinjam	dipinjam	pinjam	pinjamlah
accusative / dative / locative	meminjami	terpinjami	dipinjami	pinjami	pinjamilah
perfective causative / applicative2	meminjamkan	terpinjamkan	dipinjamkan	pinjamkan	pinjamkanlah
	causative
nominative	memperpinjam	terperpinjam	diperpinjam	perpinjam	perpinjamlah
accusative / dative / locative	memperpinjami	terperpinjami	diperpinjami	perpinjami	perpinjamilah
perfective causative / applicative2	memperpinjamkan	terperpinjamkan	diperpinjamkan	perpinjamkan	perpinjamkanlah

¹ There is another form of reflective passive verb with affixation of ke- -an which is not included in the table. This form is only attested in active voice without causative affixation of per-.
² The -kan row is either causative or applicative. With transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning.
Some of these forms do not normally exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning.

Derived terms

• dipinjam
• dipinjami
• dipinjamkan
• meminjam
• meminjami
• meminjamkan
• peminjam
• peminjaman
• pinjam-meminjam
• pinjaman
• pinjami
• pinjamkan

• pinjam mengganti
• pinjam pakai

Further reading

• “pinjam” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Malay

Etymology

From a prefixed form of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hinzam, a variant of *həzam, from Proto-Austronesian *Səzam. Compare Tagalog hirám (“borrowing”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /pind͡ʒam/
• Rhymes: -am

Verb

pinjam (Jawi spelling ڤينجم)

1. to borrow

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• peminjam [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure] (peN-)
• peminjaman [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peN- + -an)
• pinjaman [resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (-an)
• pinjamkan [causative benefactive] (-kan)
• pinjami [causative (locative) benefactive] (-i)
• meminjam [agent focus] (meN-)
• meminjamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
• meminjami [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
• dipinjam [patient focus] (di-)
• dipinjamkan [patient focus + causative benefactive] (di- + -kan)
• dipinjami [patient focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (di- + -i)
• terpinjam [agentless action] (teR-)

Descendants

• Indonesian: pinjam
• → Tok Pisin: piga

Further reading

• “pinjam” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.