pflegen
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German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle High German phlëgen, from Old High German plëgan, from Proto-West Germanic *plehan.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ˈpfleːɡən/, [ˈpfleːɡən], [ˈpfleːɡŋ̩] (standard)
- IPA(key): /ˈfleːɡən/ (most speakers in northern and central Germany)
Audio: (file)
Verb
[edit]pflegen (weak, third-person singular present pflegt, past tense pflegte, past participle gepflegt, auxiliary haben) or
pflegen (class 4 strong, third-person singular present pflegt, past tense pflog, past participle gepflogen, past subjunctive pflöge, auxiliary haben)
- providing care or service for someone/something [weak verb]
- (transitive, medicine) to nurse; to care for someone in poor health
- jemanden gesund pflegen ― to nurse someone back to health
- Kranke pflegen ― to care for the sick
- (transitive) to take care of, to tend to, to maintain
- sein Äußeres pflegen ― to take care of one's appearance
- die Zähne pflegen ― to take care of (one's) teeth
- Der Gärtner pflegt den Garten. ― The gardener tends to the garden.
- Sie hat sich stets sehr gepflegt. ― She has always taken care of her appearance. (literally, “She has always taken care of herself.”)
- Er setzte sich faul hin und pflegte sich. ― He sat down lazily and went easy on himself. (literally, “He sat down lazily and looked after himself.”)
- Daten pflegen ― to maintain data (keep up-to-date)
- (intransitive, archaic) [with genitive ‘something/someone’]
- 1781, Friedrich Schiller, Die Räuber: Ein Schauspiel, Frankfurt und Leipzig, page 43:
- Daheim labt er sich mit süssem köstlichem Wein, und pflegt seiner morschen Glieder in Kissen von Eider, während sein grosser herrlicher Sohn darbt.
- At home, he refreshes himself with sweet, delectable wine and cares for his decaying limbs with cushions of down feathers, all while his wonderful and charming son starves.
- (transitive, medicine) to nurse; to care for someone in poor health
- to improve or care for something in an intellectual sense [weak or strong verb]
- (transitive) to cultivate; to foster; to nurture; to maintain
- Freundschaften pflegen ― to cultivate friendships
- Beziehungen pflegen ― to cultivate relationships
- Künste und Wissenschaften pflegen ― to advance/promote the arts and sciences
- (intransitive, higher register or poetic) [with genitive ‘something’]
- der Liebe pflegen ― to cultivate/nurture love
- der Ruhe pflegen ― to foster tranquility
- (transitive) to cultivate; to foster; to nurture; to maintain
- expressing habituality [weak or strong verb]
- (transitive) to carry out regularly
- Umgang pflegen ― to regularly be in contact
- Geselligkeit pflegen ― to socialize regularly (literally, “to regularly engage in gregariousness”)
- (intransitive) to perform habitually; to be accustomed (to); to be in the habit (of) [with zu (+ infinitive) ‘doing something’]
- Ich pflege zu laufen. ― I usually walk.
- Er pflegte zu reisen. ― He used to travel.
- (transitive) to carry out regularly
Usage notes
[edit]- In the sense of providing care or service, pflegen is conjugated as a weak verb.
- For the other senses, both weak and strong conjugations are found. The weak conjugation is prevalent; the strong conjugation is generally dated or used in a higher register.
Conjugation
[edit]infinitive | pflegen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | pflegend | ||||
past participle | gepflegt | ||||
auxiliary | haben | ||||
indicative | subjunctive | ||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
present | ich pflege | wir pflegen | i | ich pflege | wir pflegen |
du pflegst | ihr pflegt | du pflegest | ihr pfleget | ||
er pflegt | sie pflegen | er pflege | sie pflegen | ||
preterite | ich pflegte | wir pflegten | ii | ich pflegte1 | wir pflegten1 |
du pflegtest | ihr pflegtet | du pflegtest1 | ihr pflegtet1 | ||
er pflegte | sie pflegten | er pflegte1 | sie pflegten1 | ||
imperative | pfleg (du) pflege (du) |
pflegt (ihr) |
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
or
infinitive | pflegen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | pflegend | ||||
past participle | gepflogen | ||||
auxiliary | haben | ||||
indicative | subjunctive | ||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
present | ich pflege | wir pflegen | i | ich pflege | wir pflegen |
du pflegst | ihr pflegt | du pflegest | ihr pfleget | ||
er pflegt | sie pflegen | er pflege | sie pflegen | ||
preterite | ich pflog | wir pflogen | ii | ich pflöge1 | wir pflögen1 |
du pflogst | ihr pflogt | du pflögest1 du pflögst1 |
ihr pflöget1 ihr pflögt1 | ||
er pflog | sie pflogen | er pflöge1 | sie pflögen1 | ||
imperative | pfleg (du) pflege (du) |
pflegt (ihr) |
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
[edit]- Pflegen, Pfleger, Pflegung
- einpflegen, erpflegen, verpflegen
- pfleglich, Gepflogenheit (based on the past participle gepflogen)
Further reading
[edit]- “pflegen” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
- “pflegen” in Uni Leipzig: Wortschatz-Lexikon
- “pflegen” in Duden online
- “pflegen” in OpenThesaurus.de
- “pflegen” in Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm, 16 vols., Leipzig 1854–1961.
- Friedrich Kluge (1883) “pflegen”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
Categories:
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
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- German 2-syllable words
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- German lemmas
- German verbs
- German weak verbs
- German verbs using haben as auxiliary
- German strong verbs
- German class 4 strong verbs
- German transitive verbs
- de:Medicine
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- German intransitive verbs
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- German higher register terms
- German poetic terms