From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).
-ngcola
- (intransitive) to be dirty
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).
-ńgcola
- to become dirty
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
-ńgcóla
- to wash hands
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).
-ngcola
- (intransitive) to be dirty
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
- Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444
From a Khoe language. Compare Khoekhoe ǂnaoǂnao (“make dirty”).
IPA(key): /ᵑǀʱoːla/
-ngcola
- (intransitive) to be dirty
- (intransitive) to become contaminated, to become polluted
- (intransitive) to become corrupted, to become immoral
Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukungcola
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukungcola
|
ukungangcoli
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
ngcola
|
-ngcole
|
Plural
|
ngcolani
|
-ngcoleni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyangcola, ngingcola
|
engingcolayo, engingcola
|
ngingcola
|
angingcoli
|
engingangcoli
|
ngingangcoli
|
2nd singular
|
uyangcola, ungcola
|
ongcolayo, ongcola
|
ungcola
|
awungcoli
|
ongangcoli
|
ungangcoli
|
1st plural
|
siyangcola, singcola
|
esingcolayo, esingcola
|
singcola
|
asingcoli
|
esingangcoli
|
singangcoli
|
2nd plural
|
niyangcola, ningcola
|
eningcolayo, eningcola
|
ningcola
|
aningcoli
|
eningangcoli
|
ningangcoli
|
Class 1
|
uyangcola, ungcola
|
ongcolayo, ongcola
|
engcola
|
akangcoli
|
ongangcoli
|
engangcoli
|
Class 2
|
bayangcola, bangcola
|
abangcolayo, abangcola
|
bengcola
|
abangcoli
|
abangangcoli
|
bengangcoli
|
Class 3
|
uyangcola, ungcola
|
ongcolayo, ongcola
|
ungcola
|
awungcoli
|
ongangcoli
|
ungangcoli
|
Class 4
|
iyangcola, ingcola
|
engcolayo, engcola
|
ingcola
|
ayingcoli
|
engangcoli
|
ingangcoli
|
Class 5
|
liyangcola, lingcola
|
elingcolayo, elingcola
|
lingcola
|
alingcoli
|
elingangcoli
|
lingangcoli
|
Class 6
|
ayangcola, angcola
|
angcolayo, angcola
|
engcola
|
awangcoli
|
angangcoli
|
engangcoli
|
Class 7
|
siyangcola, singcola
|
esingcolayo, esingcola
|
singcola
|
asingcoli
|
esingangcoli
|
singangcoli
|
Class 8
|
ziyangcola, zingcola
|
ezingcolayo, ezingcola
|
zingcola
|
azingcoli
|
ezingangcoli
|
zingangcoli
|
Class 9
|
iyangcola, ingcola
|
engcolayo, engcola
|
ingcola
|
ayingcoli
|
engangcoli
|
ingangcoli
|
Class 10
|
ziyangcola, zingcola
|
ezingcolayo, ezingcola
|
zingcola
|
azingcoli
|
ezingangcoli
|
zingangcoli
|
Class 11
|
luyangcola, lungcola
|
olungcolayo, olungcola
|
lungcola
|
alungcoli
|
olungangcoli
|
lungangcoli
|
Class 14
|
buyangcola, bungcola
|
obungcolayo, obungcola
|
bungcola
|
abungcoli
|
obungangcoli
|
bungangcoli
|
Class 15
|
kuyangcola, kungcola
|
okungcolayo, okungcola
|
kungcola
|
akungcoli
|
okungangcoli
|
kungangcoli
|
Class 17
|
kuyangcola, kungcola
|
okungcolayo, okungcola
|
kungcola
|
akungcoli
|
okungangcoli
|
kungangcoli
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingcolile, ngingcolē
|
engingcolile, engingcolē
|
ngingcolile, ngingcolē
|
angingcolanga
|
engingangcolanga
|
ngingangcolanga
|
2nd singular
|
ungcolile, ungcolē
|
ongcolile, ongcolē
|
ungcolile, ungcolē
|
awungcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
ungangcolanga
|
1st plural
|
singcolile, singcolē
|
esingcolile, esingcolē
|
singcolile, singcolē
|
asingcolanga
|
esingangcolanga
|
singangcolanga
|
2nd plural
|
ningcolile, ningcolē
|
eningcolile, eningcolē
|
ningcolile, ningcolē
|
aningcolanga
|
eningangcolanga
|
ningangcolanga
|
Class 1
|
ungcolile, ungcolē
|
ongcolile, ongcolē
|
engcolile, engcolē
|
akangcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
Class 2
|
bangcolile, bangcolē
|
abangcolile, abangcolē
|
bengcolile, bengcolē
|
abangcolanga
|
abangangcolanga
|
bengangcolanga
|
Class 3
|
ungcolile, ungcolē
|
ongcolile, ongcolē
|
ungcolile, ungcolē
|
awungcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
ungangcolanga
|
Class 4
|
ingcolile, ingcolē
|
engcolile, engcolē
|
ingcolile, ingcolē
|
ayingcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
ingangcolanga
|
Class 5
|
lingcolile, lingcolē
|
elingcolile, elingcolē
|
lingcolile, lingcolē
|
alingcolanga
|
elingangcolanga
|
lingangcolanga
|
Class 6
|
angcolile, angcolē
|
angcolile, angcolē
|
engcolile, engcolē
|
awangcolanga
|
angangcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
Class 7
|
singcolile, singcolē
|
esingcolile, esingcolē
|
singcolile, singcolē
|
asingcolanga
|
esingangcolanga
|
singangcolanga
|
Class 8
|
zingcolile, zingcolē
|
ezingcolile, ezingcolē
|
zingcolile, zingcolē
|
azingcolanga
|
ezingangcolanga
|
zingangcolanga
|
Class 9
|
ingcolile, ingcolē
|
engcolile, engcolē
|
ingcolile, ingcolē
|
ayingcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
ingangcolanga
|
Class 10
|
zingcolile, zingcolē
|
ezingcolile, ezingcolē
|
zingcolile, zingcolē
|
azingcolanga
|
ezingangcolanga
|
zingangcolanga
|
Class 11
|
lungcolile, lungcolē
|
olungcolile, olungcolē
|
lungcolile, lungcolē
|
alungcolanga
|
olungangcolanga
|
lungangcolanga
|
Class 14
|
bungcolile, bungcolē
|
obungcolile, obungcolē
|
bungcolile, bungcolē
|
abungcolanga
|
obungangcolanga
|
bungangcolanga
|
Class 15
|
kungcolile, kungcolē
|
okungcolile, okungcolē
|
kungcolile, kungcolē
|
akungcolanga
|
okungangcolanga
|
kungangcolanga
|
Class 17
|
kungcolile, kungcolē
|
okungcolile, okungcolē
|
kungcolile, kungcolē
|
akungcolanga
|
okungangcolanga
|
kungangcolanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāngcola
|
engāngcola
|
ngāngcola
|
angingcolanga
|
engingangcolanga
|
ngingangcolanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāngcola
|
owāngcola
|
wāngcola
|
awungcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
ungangcolanga
|
1st plural
|
sāngcola
|
esāngcola
|
sāngcola
|
asingcolanga
|
esingangcolanga
|
singangcolanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāngcola
|
enāngcola
|
nāngcola
|
aningcolanga
|
eningangcolanga
|
ningangcolanga
|
Class 1
|
wāngcola
|
owāngcola
|
āngcola
|
akangcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
Class 2
|
bāngcola
|
abāngcola
|
bāngcola
|
abangcolanga
|
abangangcolanga
|
bengangcolanga
|
Class 3
|
wāngcola
|
owāngcola
|
wāngcola
|
awungcolanga
|
ongangcolanga
|
ungangcolanga
|
Class 4
|
yāngcola
|
eyāngcola
|
yāngcola
|
ayingcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
ingangcolanga
|
Class 5
|
lāngcola
|
elāngcola
|
lāngcola
|
alingcolanga
|
elingangcolanga
|
lingangcolanga
|
Class 6
|
āngcola
|
āngcola
|
āngcola
|
awangcolanga
|
angangcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
Class 7
|
sāngcola
|
esāngcola
|
sāngcola
|
asingcolanga
|
esingangcolanga
|
singangcolanga
|
Class 8
|
zāngcola
|
ezāngcola
|
zāngcola
|
azingcolanga
|
ezingangcolanga
|
zingangcolanga
|
Class 9
|
yāngcola
|
eyāngcola
|
yāngcola
|
ayingcolanga
|
engangcolanga
|
ingangcolanga
|
Class 10
|
zāngcola
|
ezāngcola
|
zāngcola
|
azingcolanga
|
ezingangcolanga
|
zingangcolanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāngcola
|
olwāngcola
|
lwāngcola
|
alungcolanga
|
olungangcolanga
|
lungangcolanga
|
Class 14
|
bāngcola
|
obāngcola
|
bāngcola
|
abungcolanga
|
obungangcolanga
|
bungangcolanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāngcola
|
okwāngcola
|
kwāngcola
|
akungcolanga
|
okungangcolanga
|
kungangcolanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāngcola
|
okwāngcola
|
kwāngcola
|
akungcolanga
|
okungangcolanga
|
kungangcolanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingangcola
|
—
|
ngingangcola
|
ngingengcole
|
—
|
ngingengcole
|
2nd singular
|
ungangcola
|
—
|
ungangcola
|
ungengcole
|
—
|
ungengcole
|
1st plural
|
singangcola
|
—
|
singangcola
|
singengcole
|
—
|
singengcole
|
2nd plural
|
ningangcola
|
—
|
ningangcola
|
ningengcole
|
—
|
ningengcole
|
Class 1
|
angangcola
|
—
|
engangcola
|
angengcole
|
—
|
engengcole
|
Class 2
|
bangangcola
|
—
|
bengangcola
|
bangengcole
|
—
|
bengengcole
|
Class 3
|
ungangcola
|
—
|
ungangcola
|
ungengcole
|
—
|
ungengcole
|
Class 4
|
ingangcola
|
—
|
ingangcola
|
ingengcole
|
—
|
ingengcole
|
Class 5
|
lingangcola
|
—
|
lingangcola
|
lingengcole
|
—
|
lingengcole
|
Class 6
|
angangcola
|
—
|
engangcola
|
angengcole
|
—
|
engengcole
|
Class 7
|
singangcola
|
—
|
singangcola
|
singengcole
|
—
|
singengcole
|
Class 8
|
zingangcola
|
—
|
zingangcola
|
zingengcole
|
—
|
zingengcole
|
Class 9
|
ingangcola
|
—
|
ingangcola
|
ingengcole
|
—
|
ingengcole
|
Class 10
|
zingangcola
|
—
|
zingangcola
|
zingengcole
|
—
|
zingengcole
|
Class 11
|
lungangcola
|
—
|
lungangcola
|
lungengcole
|
—
|
lungengcole
|
Class 14
|
bungangcola
|
—
|
bungangcola
|
bungengcole
|
—
|
bungengcole
|
Class 15
|
kungangcola
|
—
|
kungangcola
|
kungengcole
|
—
|
kungengcole
|
Class 17
|
kungangcola
|
—
|
kungangcola
|
kungengcole
|
—
|
kungengcole
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizongcola
|
engizongcola
|
ngizongcola
|
angizungcola
|
engingezungcola
|
ngingezungcola
|
2nd singular
|
uzongcola
|
ozongcola
|
uzongcola
|
awuzungcola
|
ongezungcola
|
ungezungcola
|
1st plural
|
sizongcola
|
esizongcola
|
sizongcola
|
asizungcola
|
esingezungcola
|
singezungcola
|
2nd plural
|
nizongcola
|
enizongcola
|
nizongcola
|
anizungcola
|
eningezungcola
|
ningezungcola
|
Class 1
|
uzongcola
|
ozongcola
|
ezongcola
|
akazungcola
|
ongezungcola
|
engezungcola
|
Class 2
|
bazongcola
|
abazongcola
|
bezongcola
|
abazungcola
|
abangezungcola
|
bengezungcola
|
Class 3
|
uzongcola
|
ozongcola
|
uzongcola
|
awuzungcola
|
ongezungcola
|
ungezungcola
|
Class 4
|
izongcola
|
ezongcola
|
izongcola
|
ayizungcola
|
engezungcola
|
ingezungcola
|
Class 5
|
lizongcola
|
elizongcola
|
lizongcola
|
alizungcola
|
elingezungcola
|
lingezungcola
|
Class 6
|
azongcola
|
azongcola
|
ezongcola
|
awazungcola
|
angezungcola
|
engezungcola
|
Class 7
|
sizongcola
|
esizongcola
|
sizongcola
|
asizungcola
|
esingezungcola
|
singezungcola
|
Class 8
|
zizongcola
|
ezizongcola
|
zizongcola
|
azizungcola
|
ezingezungcola
|
zingezungcola
|
Class 9
|
izongcola
|
ezongcola
|
izongcola
|
ayizungcola
|
engezungcola
|
ingezungcola
|
Class 10
|
zizongcola
|
ezizongcola
|
zizongcola
|
azizungcola
|
ezingezungcola
|
zingezungcola
|
Class 11
|
luzongcola
|
oluzongcola
|
luzongcola
|
aluzungcola
|
olungezungcola
|
lungezungcola
|
Class 14
|
buzongcola
|
obuzongcola
|
buzongcola
|
abuzungcola
|
obungezungcola
|
bungezungcola
|
Class 15
|
kuzongcola
|
okuzongcola
|
kuzongcola
|
akuzungcola
|
okungezungcola
|
kungezungcola
|
Class 17
|
kuzongcola
|
okuzongcola
|
kuzongcola
|
akuzungcola
|
okungezungcola
|
kungezungcola
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyongcola
|
engiyongcola
|
ngiyongcola
|
angiyungcola
|
engingeyungcola
|
ngingeyungcola
|
2nd singular
|
uyongcola
|
oyongcola
|
uyongcola
|
awuyungcola
|
ongeyungcola
|
ungeyungcola
|
1st plural
|
siyongcola
|
esiyongcola
|
siyongcola
|
asiyungcola
|
esingeyungcola
|
singeyungcola
|
2nd plural
|
niyongcola
|
eniyongcola
|
niyongcola
|
aniyungcola
|
eningeyungcola
|
ningeyungcola
|
Class 1
|
uyongcola
|
oyongcola
|
eyongcola
|
akayungcola
|
ongeyungcola
|
engeyungcola
|
Class 2
|
bayongcola
|
abayongcola
|
beyongcola
|
abayungcola
|
abangeyungcola
|
bengeyungcola
|
Class 3
|
uyongcola
|
oyongcola
|
uyongcola
|
awuyungcola
|
ongeyungcola
|
ungeyungcola
|
Class 4
|
iyongcola
|
eyongcola
|
iyongcola
|
ayiyungcola
|
engeyungcola
|
ingeyungcola
|
Class 5
|
liyongcola
|
eliyongcola
|
liyongcola
|
aliyungcola
|
elingeyungcola
|
lingeyungcola
|
Class 6
|
ayongcola
|
ayongcola
|
eyongcola
|
awayungcola
|
angeyungcola
|
engeyungcola
|
Class 7
|
siyongcola
|
esiyongcola
|
siyongcola
|
asiyungcola
|
esingeyungcola
|
singeyungcola
|
Class 8
|
ziyongcola
|
eziyongcola
|
ziyongcola
|
aziyungcola
|
ezingeyungcola
|
zingeyungcola
|
Class 9
|
iyongcola
|
eyongcola
|
iyongcola
|
ayiyungcola
|
engeyungcola
|
ingeyungcola
|
Class 10
|
ziyongcola
|
eziyongcola
|
ziyongcola
|
aziyungcola
|
ezingeyungcola
|
zingeyungcola
|
Class 11
|
luyongcola
|
oluyongcola
|
luyongcola
|
aluyungcola
|
olungeyungcola
|
lungeyungcola
|
Class 14
|
buyongcola
|
obuyongcola
|
buyongcola
|
abuyungcola
|
obungeyungcola
|
bungeyungcola
|
Class 15
|
kuyongcola
|
okuyongcola
|
kuyongcola
|
akuyungcola
|
okungeyungcola
|
kungeyungcola
|
Class 17
|
kuyongcola
|
okuyongcola
|
kuyongcola
|
akuyungcola
|
okungeyungcola
|
kungeyungcola
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngingcole
|
ngingangcoli
|
2nd singular
|
ungcole
|
ungangcoli
|
1st plural
|
singcole
|
singangcoli
|
2nd plural
|
ningcole
|
ningangcoli
|
Class 1
|
angcole
|
angangcoli
|
Class 2
|
bangcole
|
bangangcoli
|
Class 3
|
ungcole
|
ungangcoli
|
Class 4
|
ingcole
|
ingangcoli
|
Class 5
|
lingcole
|
lingangcoli
|
Class 6
|
angcole
|
angangcoli
|
Class 7
|
singcole
|
singangcoli
|
Class 8
|
zingcole
|
zingangcoli
|
Class 9
|
ingcole
|
ingangcoli
|
Class 10
|
zingcole
|
zingangcoli
|
Class 11
|
lungcole
|
lungangcoli
|
Class 14
|
bungcole
|
bungangcoli
|
Class 15
|
kungcole
|
kungangcoli
|
Class 17
|
kungcole
|
kungangcoli
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngangcola
|
ngangangcola, angangcola, angangangcola
|
2nd singular
|
wangcola
|
wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
|
1st plural
|
sangcola
|
sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola
|
2nd plural
|
nangcola
|
nangangcola, anangcola, anangangcola
|
Class 1
|
wangcola
|
wangangcola, akangcola, akangangcola
|
Class 2
|
bangcola
|
bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola
|
Class 3
|
wangcola
|
wangangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
|
Class 4
|
yangcola
|
yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola
|
Class 5
|
langcola
|
langangcola, alangcola, alangangcola
|
Class 6
|
angcola
|
angangcola, awangcola, awangangcola
|
Class 7
|
sangcola
|
sangangcola, asangcola, asangangcola
|
Class 8
|
zangcola
|
zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola
|
Class 9
|
yangcola
|
yangangcola, ayangcola, ayangangcola
|
Class 10
|
zangcola
|
zangangcola, azangcola, azangangcola
|
Class 11
|
lwangcola
|
lwangangcola, alwangcola, alwangangcola
|
Class 14
|
bangcola
|
bangangcola, abangcola, abangangcola
|
Class 15
|
kwangcola
|
kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola
|
Class 17
|
kwangcola
|
kwangangcola, akwangcola, akwangangcola
|
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ngcola”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ngcola (6.3)”
- Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444