mongaraû

Old Tupi

Etymology

Cognate with Guaraní mongaráu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mɔ̃.ŋɡaˈɾaw]
• Rhymes: -aw
• Hyphenation: mo‧nga‧raû

Verb

mongaraû (first-person singular active indicative aîmongaraû, first-person singular negative active indicative n'aîmongaraûî, noun mongaraûa) (transitive)

1. to dislocate (a limb)
   • 1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 97; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

     Xepigmõgarao ybigra.

     [Xe pymongaraû ybyrá.]

     A stick dislocated my foot.

   • 1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 1 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 97; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

     Ajepigmongarao.

     [Aîepymongaraû.]

     I dislocated my foot.

   • 1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter IX, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 39v:

     coromôymóngaràu.

     [Koromõ i mongaraû.]

     (It) will soon dislocate it.

2. to twist (a hand or foot, etc.)
   • 1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 132; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

     Ajepig mõgarao

     [Aîepymongaraû.]

     I twisted my foot.

   • 1622, anonymous author, Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica, volume 2 (overall work in Old Tupi and Portuguese), Piratininga, page 132; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, São Paulo: USP, 1953:

     Aiepo mongarao.

     [Aîepomongaraû.]

     I twisted my hand.

Usage notes

• The infinitive (Anchieta, 27) and the gerund (Figueira, 60v) are mongaraûa. The circumstantial is also mongaraû (Anchieta, 39v). With the deverbals -sara and -saba, it becomes mongaraûsara and mongaraûsaba, respectively (Anchieta, 29v).

Conjugation

    Conjugation of mongaraû (transitive, Û-ending) (See Appendix:Old Tupi verbs)

Note: not all forms are attested, most of the table is reconstructed based on known patterns.

Causative	mongaraûukar
Reflexive	îemongaraû
Deverbals
-ba'e	oîmongaraûba'e
emi-	emimongaraûa／mimongaraûa
-pyr(a)	i mongaraûpyra
-sab(a)	mongaraûsaba
-sar(a)	mongaraûsara
	Singular		Singular & Plural	Plural
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person exclusive	1st person inclusive	2nd person
Verbal forms
Active
Indicative	aîmongaraû	ereîmongaraû	oîmongaraû	oroîmongaraû	îaîmongaraû	peîmongaraû
Permissive	t'aîmongaraû	t'ereîmongaraû	t'oîmongaraû	t'oroîmongaraû	t'îaîmongaraû	ta peîmongaraû
Imperative		eîmongaraû				peîmongaraû
Negative indicative	n'aîmongaraûi	n'ereîmongaraûi	n'oîmongaraûi	n'oroîmongaraûi	n'îaîmongaraûi	na peîmongaraûi
Negative permissive	t'aîmongaraû umẽ	t'ereîmongaraû umẽ	t'oîmongaraû umẽ	t'oroîmongaraû umẽ	t'îaîmongaraû umẽ	ta peîmongaraû umẽ
Negative imperative		eîmongaraû umẽ				peîmongaraû umẽ
Nominal forms
Infinitive
Affirmative	mongaraûa
Negative	mongaraûe'yma
Gerund
Affirmative	xe mongaraûa	nde mongaraûa	i mongaraûa	oré mongaraûa	îandé mongaraûa	pe mongaraûa
Negative	xe mongaraûe'yma	nde mongaraûe'yma	i mongaraûe'yma	oré mongaraûe'yma	îandé mongaraûe'yma	pe mongaraûe'yma
Circumstantial
Affirmative	xe mongaraû		i mongaraû	oré mongaraû	îandé mongaraû
Negative	xe mongaraûe'ymi		i mongaraûe'ymi	oré mongaraûe'ymi	îandé mongaraûe'ymi

Further reading

• Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “mongaraû”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 306, column 1