kišti
Lithuanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European *keḱ-, though no non-Lithuanian cognates are known with certainty:[1]
- Often compared to kim̃šti (“to stuff, cram”), with an irregular deletion of the "m". This is semantically appealing, but phonetically unlikely.[2]
- Fraenkel prefers a derivation from kìsti (“to lay (flax stalks) out to dry and thresh”) (which Būga derives from Proto-Indo-European *kʷey- (“to gather, layer”))[3] + an inchoative suffix -sḱ.[2]
- Karaliunas is skeptical of Fraenkel's derivation due to kìšti being transitive, while inchoative verbs are usually intransitive, and prefers Hendriksen's derivation from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeys- (“to heed”), whence Latin cūra (“care, concern”).[4] This is semantically unappealing, in addition to Endzelins noting that Proto-Indo-European *s only turns into š in Lithuanian when following an r or a k.[2]
- Other theories relate the word to káišti (“to shave, scrape, scratch”).[5] Smoczynski considers this semantically weak.
Pronunciation
[edit]
Verb
[edit]kìšti (third-person present tense kìša, third-person past tense kìšo)[6][7]
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of kišti
| singular (vienaskaita) |
plural (daugiskaita) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person (pirmasis asmuo) |
2nd person (antrasis asmuo) |
3rd person (trečiasis asmuo) |
1st person (pirmasis asmuo) |
2nd person (antrasis asmuo) |
3rd person (trečiasis asmuo) | |||
| aš | tu | jis/ji | mes | jūs | jie/jos | |||
| indicative (tiesioginė nuosaka) |
present (esamasis laikas) |
kišù | kišì | kìša | kìšame, kìšam |
kìšate, kìšat |
kìša | |
| past (būtasis kartinis laikas) |
kišaũ | kišaĩ | kìšo | kìšome, kìšom |
kìšote, kìšot |
kìšo | ||
| past frequentative (būtasis dažninis laikas) |
kìšdavau | kìšdavai | kìšdavo | kìšdavome, kìšdavom |
kìšdavote, kìšdavot |
kìšdavo | ||
| future (būsimasis laikas) |
kìšiu | kìši | kìš | kìšime, kìšim |
kìšite, kìšit |
kìš | ||
| subjunctive (tariamoji nuosaka) |
kìščiau | kìštum, kìštumei |
kìštų | kìštumėme, kìštumėm, kìštume |
kìštumėte, kìštumėt |
kìštų | ||
| imperative (liepiamoji nuosaka) |
— | kìšk, kìški |
tekìša, tekìšie |
kìškime, kìškim |
kìškite, kìškit |
tekìša, tekìšie | ||
Participles of kišti
| Adjectival (dalyviai) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| active | passive | ||
| present | kìšąs, kìšantis | kìšamas | |
| past | kìšęs | kìštas | |
| past frequentative | kìšdavęs | — | |
| future | kìšiąs, kìšiantis | kìšimas | |
| participle of necessity | — | kìštinas | |
| Adverbial | |||
| special (pusdalyvis) | kìšdamas | ||
| half-participle (padalyviai) |
present | kìšant | |
| past | kìšus | ||
| past frequentative | kìšdavus | ||
| future | kìšiant | ||
| manner of action (būdinys) | kìšte, kìštinai | ||
References
[edit]- ^ Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “kìšti”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego[1] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, pages 291-2
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìšti”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 260
- ^ Fraenkel, Ernst (1955, 1962–1965) “kìsti 4”, in Litauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume I, Heidelberg-Göttingen: Carl Winter and Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 259
- ^ “kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
- ^ “kìšti” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–); p. 574 in ALEW 1.1 (online, 2019).
- ^ “kišti”, in Lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of the Lithuanian language], lkz.lt, 1941–2024
- ^ “kišti”, in Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodynas [Dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian], ekalba.lt, 1954–2024