kꜣhs

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɑhɛs/
  • Conventional anglicization: kahes

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) harsh
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.11–1.12:

     ḫr (tw)r n(j) ḥr r dfꜣ jb jmꜣ n.f kꜣhs r mwt.f

     One who is averted of face against feeding the heart (i.e. one who doesn’t indulge himself), the harsh man has to be more kindly to him than his (own) mother.

Inflection

Conjugation of kꜣhs (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: kꜣhs

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural kꜣhs kꜣhsw, kꜣhs kꜣhst kꜣhs kꜣhs ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 kꜣhs ḥr kꜣhs m kꜣhs r kꜣhs suffix conjugation aspect / mood active contingent aspect / mood active perfect kꜣhs.n consecutive kꜣhs.jn terminative kꜣhst perfective3 kꜣhs obligative1 kꜣhs.ḫr imperfective kꜣhs prospective3 kꜣhsw, kꜣhs potentialis1 kꜣhs.kꜣ subjunctive kꜣhs verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active active passive perfect kꜣhs.n — — perfective kꜣhs kꜣhs kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5, kꜣhsy5 imperfective kꜣhs, kꜣhsy, kꜣhsw5 kꜣhs, kꜣhsj6, kꜣhsy6 kꜣhs, kꜣhsw5 prospective kꜣhs, kꜣhstj7 kꜣhswtj1 4, kꜣhstj4, kꜣhst4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 261.