jhm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ihɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: ihem

Etymology 1

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to stall, to lag, to be held back or go slowly [Middle Kingdom literature]
2. (transitive) to hold back or restrain (someone) [Middle Kingdom literature]

Inflection

Conjugation of jhm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jhm, geminated stem: jhmm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural jhm jhmw, jhm jhmt jhm jhm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 jhm ḥr jhm m jhm r jhm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect jhm.n jhmw, jhm consecutive jhm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative jhmt perfective3 jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 jhm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 jhm jhmm potentialis1 jhm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect jhm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 jhm jhm, jhmw5, jhmy5 imperfective jhm, jhmy, jhmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 jhm, jhmj6, jhmy6 jhm, jhmw5 prospective jhm, jhmtj7 — jhmtj4, jhmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm	hjm
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]
	in sense ‘restrain’	in sense ‘restrain’

Etymology 2

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive, of the heart/mind) to mourn, to be sad, to suffer [Middle Kingdom]
2. (intransitive, Late Egyptian) to mourn or be sad in general (not only of the heart)

Inflection

Conjugation of jhm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jhm, geminated stem: jhmm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural jhm jhmw, jhm jhmt jhm jhm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 jhm ḥr jhm m jhm r jhm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect jhm.n jhmw, jhm consecutive jhm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative jhmt perfective3 jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 jhm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 jhm jhmm potentialis1 jhm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect jhm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective jhm active + .tj1, .tw2 jhm jhm, jhmw5, jhmy5 imperfective jhm, jhmy, jhmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 jhm, jhmj6, jhmy6 jhm, jhmw5 prospective jhm, jhmtj7 — jhmtj4, jhmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]

Derived terms

• ꜣhmt

Descendants

• Demotic: jhm, jḥm

Noun

 m

1. (chiefly in the plural) sorrow, suffering [Book of the Dead and 20th Dynasty]
2. shouting

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jhm  

jhm	jhm	jhm	hꜣmw
[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Book of the Dead]

Descendants

• Demotic: jhm, ꜣhm
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉϩⲁⲙ (eham), ⲁϩⲁⲙ (aham)
  • Old Coptic: ⲉϩⲟⲙ (ehom)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁϩⲟⲙ (ahom)

Noun

 m

1. (cry of) jubilation [Greco-Roman Period]

Usage notes

This word is probably to be identified with the preceding one, with a core meaning of ‘sigh, impassioned exclamation’, whether of joy or sorrow.

References

• “jhm (lemma ID 30270)”, “jhm (lemma ID 30280)”, “jhm (lemma ID 850149)”, and “jhm (lemma ID 30290)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 118.18–119.1
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[3], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 481.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 28
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 238, 456.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 123