jꜥj

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːʕat/ → /ˈjaːʕaʔ/ → /ˈjaːʕa/ → /ˈjoːʕə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːʕat/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːʕaʔ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːʕa/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjoːʕə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iɑːi/
  • Conventional anglicization: iai

Verb

 3ae inf.

1. (transitive) to wash (the body, limbs, clothes, tools, oneself, etc.)

   (Late Egyptian) ― jꜥj ḏrt ― to wash one’s hand (before a meal)

   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 13–17:

     
     

     jꜥ tw jmj mw ḥr ḏbꜥw.k jḫ wšb.k wšd.t(w).k mdw.k n nswt jb.k m-ꜥ.k wšb.k nn njtjt

     Wash yourself, put water on your fingers,
     so you might answer when you are addressed, speak to the king with your mind in your possession, and answer without stammering.

2. (transitive) to wash off, to wash out, to wash away (inscriptions, blood, etc.)
3. (transitive) to treat (food) with water or milk [Medical papyri]
4. (transitive) to wet (wooden rods) in order to bend (them)

Inflection

Conjugation of jꜥj (third weak / 3ae inf. / III. inf.) — base stem: jꜥ, geminated stem: jꜥꜥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jꜥt, jꜥj	jꜥw, jꜥ	jꜥt, jꜥwt, jꜥyt	jꜥ	jꜥ, jꜥy

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jꜥ8, jꜥꜥ8	ḥr jꜥt, ḥr jꜥj	m jꜥt, m jꜥj	r jꜥt, r jꜥj

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jꜥ.n	jꜥw, jꜥ, jꜥy	consecutive	jꜥ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jꜥt, jꜥyt
perfective3	jꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jꜥ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jꜥ, jꜥy	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jꜥw, jꜥ, jꜥy	jꜥw, jꜥ, jꜥy	potentialis1	jꜥ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jꜥ, jꜥy	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jꜥ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jꜥw1, jꜥy, jꜥ	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥ	jꜥy, jꜥ
imperfective	jꜥꜥ, jꜥꜥy, jꜥꜥw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jꜥꜥ, jꜥꜥj6, jꜥꜥy6	jꜥꜥ, jꜥꜥw5
prospective	jꜥw1, jꜥy, jꜥ, jꜥtj7	—	jꜥwtj1 4, jꜥtj4, jꜥt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. Third-person masculine statives of this class often have a final -y instead of the expected stative ending.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥj  

jꜥj	jꜥj	jꜥj	jꜥj	yꜥj	jꜥj	yꜥj
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[18th–19th Dynasty]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]
				in hieratic

Derived terms

• jꜥj jb
• jꜥj nbw
• jꜥj ḥr
• jꜥw
• jꜥw-r
• jꜥ-ḥr

 

Descendants

• Demotic: yꜥ, yꜥꜣ
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲓⲱⲓ (iōi), ⲓⲱ (iō)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲓⲱⲱⲓ (iōōi)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ (eioue)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲉⲓⲱ (eiō), ⲉⲓⲟⲩⲉ (eioue)

References

• “jꜥi̯ (lemma ID 21550)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 39.2–39.17
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 10
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 190.