humusha

Zulu

Etymology

From a Khoe language. Related to Xhosa -khumsha (“to speak English or Afrikaans”). Compare Khoekhoe khom (“to say”). The suffix -sha is frequently applied to loaned verbs.

Verb

-humusha

1. (transitive) to interpret, to translate
2. (transitive) to paraphrase
3. (transitive) to allure, to entice, to lure away
4. (transitive) to seduce

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukuhumusha
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuhumusha	ukungahumushi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	humusha	-humushe
Plural	humushani	-humusheni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyahumusha, ngihumusha	engihumushayo, engihumusha	ngihumusha	angihumushi	engingahumushi	ngingahumushi
2nd singular	uyahumusha, uhumusha	ohumushayo, ohumusha	uhumusha	awuhumushi	ongahumushi	ungahumushi
1st plural	siyahumusha, sihumusha	esihumushayo, esihumusha	sihumusha	asihumushi	esingahumushi	singahumushi
2nd plural	niyahumusha, nihumusha	enihumushayo, enihumusha	nihumusha	anihumushi	eningahumushi	ningahumushi
Class 1	uyahumusha, uhumusha	ohumushayo, ohumusha	ehumusha	akahumushi	ongahumushi	engahumushi
Class 2	bayahumusha, bahumusha	abahumushayo, abahumusha	behumusha	abahumushi	abangahumushi	bengahumushi
Class 3	uyahumusha, uhumusha	ohumushayo, ohumusha	uhumusha	awuhumushi	ongahumushi	ungahumushi
Class 4	iyahumusha, ihumusha	ehumushayo, ehumusha	ihumusha	ayihumushi	engahumushi	ingahumushi
Class 5	liyahumusha, lihumusha	elihumushayo, elihumusha	lihumusha	alihumushi	elingahumushi	lingahumushi
Class 6	ayahumusha, ahumusha	ahumushayo, ahumusha	ehumusha	awahumushi	angahumushi	engahumushi
Class 7	siyahumusha, sihumusha	esihumushayo, esihumusha	sihumusha	asihumushi	esingahumushi	singahumushi
Class 8	ziyahumusha, zihumusha	ezihumushayo, ezihumusha	zihumusha	azihumushi	ezingahumushi	zingahumushi
Class 9	iyahumusha, ihumusha	ehumushayo, ehumusha	ihumusha	ayihumushi	engahumushi	ingahumushi
Class 10	ziyahumusha, zihumusha	ezihumushayo, ezihumusha	zihumusha	azihumushi	ezingahumushi	zingahumushi
Class 11	luyahumusha, luhumusha	oluhumushayo, oluhumusha	luhumusha	aluhumushi	olungahumushi	lungahumushi
Class 14	buyahumusha, buhumusha	obuhumushayo, obuhumusha	buhumusha	abuhumushi	obungahumushi	bungahumushi
Class 15	kuyahumusha, kuhumusha	okuhumushayo, okuhumusha	kuhumusha	akuhumushi	okungahumushi	kungahumushi
Class 17	kuyahumusha, kuhumusha	okuhumushayo, okuhumusha	kuhumusha	akuhumushi	okungahumushi	kungahumushi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngihumushile, ngihumushē	engihumushile, engihumushē	ngihumushile, ngihumushē	angihumushanga	engingahumushanga	ngingahumushanga
2nd singular	uhumushile, uhumushē	ohumushile, ohumushē	uhumushile, uhumushē	awuhumushanga	ongahumushanga	ungahumushanga
1st plural	sihumushile, sihumushē	esihumushile, esihumushē	sihumushile, sihumushē	asihumushanga	esingahumushanga	singahumushanga
2nd plural	nihumushile, nihumushē	enihumushile, enihumushē	nihumushile, nihumushē	anihumushanga	eningahumushanga	ningahumushanga
Class 1	uhumushile, uhumushē	ohumushile, ohumushē	ehumushile, ehumushē	akahumushanga	ongahumushanga	engahumushanga
Class 2	bahumushile, bahumushē	abahumushile, abahumushē	behumushile, behumushē	abahumushanga	abangahumushanga	bengahumushanga
Class 3	uhumushile, uhumushē	ohumushile, ohumushē	uhumushile, uhumushē	awuhumushanga	ongahumushanga	ungahumushanga
Class 4	ihumushile, ihumushē	ehumushile, ehumushē	ihumushile, ihumushē	ayihumushanga	engahumushanga	ingahumushanga
Class 5	lihumushile, lihumushē	elihumushile, elihumushē	lihumushile, lihumushē	alihumushanga	elingahumushanga	lingahumushanga
Class 6	ahumushile, ahumushē	ahumushile, ahumushē	ehumushile, ehumushē	awahumushanga	angahumushanga	engahumushanga
Class 7	sihumushile, sihumushē	esihumushile, esihumushē	sihumushile, sihumushē	asihumushanga	esingahumushanga	singahumushanga
Class 8	zihumushile, zihumushē	ezihumushile, ezihumushē	zihumushile, zihumushē	azihumushanga	ezingahumushanga	zingahumushanga
Class 9	ihumushile, ihumushē	ehumushile, ehumushē	ihumushile, ihumushē	ayihumushanga	engahumushanga	ingahumushanga
Class 10	zihumushile, zihumushē	ezihumushile, ezihumushē	zihumushile, zihumushē	azihumushanga	ezingahumushanga	zingahumushanga
Class 11	luhumushile, luhumushē	oluhumushile, oluhumushē	luhumushile, luhumushē	aluhumushanga	olungahumushanga	lungahumushanga
Class 14	buhumushile, buhumushē	obuhumushile, obuhumushē	buhumushile, buhumushē	abuhumushanga	obungahumushanga	bungahumushanga
Class 15	kuhumushile, kuhumushē	okuhumushile, okuhumushē	kuhumushile, kuhumushē	akuhumushanga	okungahumushanga	kungahumushanga
Class 17	kuhumushile, kuhumushē	okuhumushile, okuhumushē	kuhumushile, kuhumushē	akuhumushanga	okungahumushanga	kungahumushanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāhumusha	engāhumusha	ngāhumusha	angihumushanga	engingahumushanga	ngingahumushanga
2nd singular	wāhumusha	owāhumusha	wāhumusha	awuhumushanga	ongahumushanga	ungahumushanga
1st plural	sāhumusha	esāhumusha	sāhumusha	asihumushanga	esingahumushanga	singahumushanga
2nd plural	nāhumusha	enāhumusha	nāhumusha	anihumushanga	eningahumushanga	ningahumushanga
Class 1	wāhumusha	owāhumusha	āhumusha	akahumushanga	ongahumushanga	engahumushanga
Class 2	bāhumusha	abāhumusha	bāhumusha	abahumushanga	abangahumushanga	bengahumushanga
Class 3	wāhumusha	owāhumusha	wāhumusha	awuhumushanga	ongahumushanga	ungahumushanga
Class 4	yāhumusha	eyāhumusha	yāhumusha	ayihumushanga	engahumushanga	ingahumushanga
Class 5	lāhumusha	elāhumusha	lāhumusha	alihumushanga	elingahumushanga	lingahumushanga
Class 6	āhumusha	āhumusha	āhumusha	awahumushanga	angahumushanga	engahumushanga
Class 7	sāhumusha	esāhumusha	sāhumusha	asihumushanga	esingahumushanga	singahumushanga
Class 8	zāhumusha	ezāhumusha	zāhumusha	azihumushanga	ezingahumushanga	zingahumushanga
Class 9	yāhumusha	eyāhumusha	yāhumusha	ayihumushanga	engahumushanga	ingahumushanga
Class 10	zāhumusha	ezāhumusha	zāhumusha	azihumushanga	ezingahumushanga	zingahumushanga
Class 11	lwāhumusha	olwāhumusha	lwāhumusha	aluhumushanga	olungahumushanga	lungahumushanga
Class 14	bāhumusha	obāhumusha	bāhumusha	abuhumushanga	obungahumushanga	bungahumushanga
Class 15	kwāhumusha	okwāhumusha	kwāhumusha	akuhumushanga	okungahumushanga	kungahumushanga
Class 17	kwāhumusha	okwāhumusha	kwāhumusha	akuhumushanga	okungahumushanga	kungahumushanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingahumusha	—	ngingahumusha	ngingehumushe	—	ngingehumushe
2nd singular	ungahumusha	—	ungahumusha	ungehumushe	—	ungehumushe
1st plural	singahumusha	—	singahumusha	singehumushe	—	singehumushe
2nd plural	ningahumusha	—	ningahumusha	ningehumushe	—	ningehumushe
Class 1	angahumusha	—	engahumusha	angehumushe	—	engehumushe
Class 2	bangahumusha	—	bengahumusha	bangehumushe	—	bengehumushe
Class 3	ungahumusha	—	ungahumusha	ungehumushe	—	ungehumushe
Class 4	ingahumusha	—	ingahumusha	ingehumushe	—	ingehumushe
Class 5	lingahumusha	—	lingahumusha	lingehumushe	—	lingehumushe
Class 6	angahumusha	—	engahumusha	angehumushe	—	engehumushe
Class 7	singahumusha	—	singahumusha	singehumushe	—	singehumushe
Class 8	zingahumusha	—	zingahumusha	zingehumushe	—	zingehumushe
Class 9	ingahumusha	—	ingahumusha	ingehumushe	—	ingehumushe
Class 10	zingahumusha	—	zingahumusha	zingehumushe	—	zingehumushe
Class 11	lungahumusha	—	lungahumusha	lungehumushe	—	lungehumushe
Class 14	bungahumusha	—	bungahumusha	bungehumushe	—	bungehumushe
Class 15	kungahumusha	—	kungahumusha	kungehumushe	—	kungehumushe
Class 17	kungahumusha	—	kungahumusha	kungehumushe	—	kungehumushe
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizohumusha	engizohumusha	ngizohumusha	angizuhumusha	engingezuhumusha	ngingezuhumusha
2nd singular	uzohumusha	ozohumusha	uzohumusha	awuzuhumusha	ongezuhumusha	ungezuhumusha
1st plural	sizohumusha	esizohumusha	sizohumusha	asizuhumusha	esingezuhumusha	singezuhumusha
2nd plural	nizohumusha	enizohumusha	nizohumusha	anizuhumusha	eningezuhumusha	ningezuhumusha
Class 1	uzohumusha	ozohumusha	ezohumusha	akazuhumusha	ongezuhumusha	engezuhumusha
Class 2	bazohumusha	abazohumusha	bezohumusha	abazuhumusha	abangezuhumusha	bengezuhumusha
Class 3	uzohumusha	ozohumusha	uzohumusha	awuzuhumusha	ongezuhumusha	ungezuhumusha
Class 4	izohumusha	ezohumusha	izohumusha	ayizuhumusha	engezuhumusha	ingezuhumusha
Class 5	lizohumusha	elizohumusha	lizohumusha	alizuhumusha	elingezuhumusha	lingezuhumusha
Class 6	azohumusha	azohumusha	ezohumusha	awazuhumusha	angezuhumusha	engezuhumusha
Class 7	sizohumusha	esizohumusha	sizohumusha	asizuhumusha	esingezuhumusha	singezuhumusha
Class 8	zizohumusha	ezizohumusha	zizohumusha	azizuhumusha	ezingezuhumusha	zingezuhumusha
Class 9	izohumusha	ezohumusha	izohumusha	ayizuhumusha	engezuhumusha	ingezuhumusha
Class 10	zizohumusha	ezizohumusha	zizohumusha	azizuhumusha	ezingezuhumusha	zingezuhumusha
Class 11	luzohumusha	oluzohumusha	luzohumusha	aluzuhumusha	olungezuhumusha	lungezuhumusha
Class 14	buzohumusha	obuzohumusha	buzohumusha	abuzuhumusha	obungezuhumusha	bungezuhumusha
Class 15	kuzohumusha	okuzohumusha	kuzohumusha	akuzuhumusha	okungezuhumusha	kungezuhumusha
Class 17	kuzohumusha	okuzohumusha	kuzohumusha	akuzuhumusha	okungezuhumusha	kungezuhumusha
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyohumusha	engiyohumusha	ngiyohumusha	angiyuhumusha	engingeyuhumusha	ngingeyuhumusha
2nd singular	uyohumusha	oyohumusha	uyohumusha	awuyuhumusha	ongeyuhumusha	ungeyuhumusha
1st plural	siyohumusha	esiyohumusha	siyohumusha	asiyuhumusha	esingeyuhumusha	singeyuhumusha
2nd plural	niyohumusha	eniyohumusha	niyohumusha	aniyuhumusha	eningeyuhumusha	ningeyuhumusha
Class 1	uyohumusha	oyohumusha	eyohumusha	akayuhumusha	ongeyuhumusha	engeyuhumusha
Class 2	bayohumusha	abayohumusha	beyohumusha	abayuhumusha	abangeyuhumusha	bengeyuhumusha
Class 3	uyohumusha	oyohumusha	uyohumusha	awuyuhumusha	ongeyuhumusha	ungeyuhumusha
Class 4	iyohumusha	eyohumusha	iyohumusha	ayiyuhumusha	engeyuhumusha	ingeyuhumusha
Class 5	liyohumusha	eliyohumusha	liyohumusha	aliyuhumusha	elingeyuhumusha	lingeyuhumusha
Class 6	ayohumusha	ayohumusha	eyohumusha	awayuhumusha	angeyuhumusha	engeyuhumusha
Class 7	siyohumusha	esiyohumusha	siyohumusha	asiyuhumusha	esingeyuhumusha	singeyuhumusha
Class 8	ziyohumusha	eziyohumusha	ziyohumusha	aziyuhumusha	ezingeyuhumusha	zingeyuhumusha
Class 9	iyohumusha	eyohumusha	iyohumusha	ayiyuhumusha	engeyuhumusha	ingeyuhumusha
Class 10	ziyohumusha	eziyohumusha	ziyohumusha	aziyuhumusha	ezingeyuhumusha	zingeyuhumusha
Class 11	luyohumusha	oluyohumusha	luyohumusha	aluyuhumusha	olungeyuhumusha	lungeyuhumusha
Class 14	buyohumusha	obuyohumusha	buyohumusha	abuyuhumusha	obungeyuhumusha	bungeyuhumusha
Class 15	kuyohumusha	okuyohumusha	kuyohumusha	akuyuhumusha	okungeyuhumusha	kungeyuhumusha
Class 17	kuyohumusha	okuyohumusha	kuyohumusha	akuyuhumusha	okungeyuhumusha	kungeyuhumusha
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngihumushe	ngingahumushi
2nd singular	uhumushe	ungahumushi
1st plural	sihumushe	singahumushi
2nd plural	nihumushe	ningahumushi
Class 1	ahumushe	angahumushi
Class 2	bahumushe	bangahumushi
Class 3	uhumushe	ungahumushi
Class 4	ihumushe	ingahumushi
Class 5	lihumushe	lingahumushi
Class 6	ahumushe	angahumushi
Class 7	sihumushe	singahumushi
Class 8	zihumushe	zingahumushi
Class 9	ihumushe	ingahumushi
Class 10	zihumushe	zingahumushi
Class 11	luhumushe	lungahumushi
Class 14	buhumushe	bungahumushi
Class 15	kuhumushe	kungahumushi
Class 17	kuhumushe	kungahumushi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngahumusha	ngangahumusha, angahumusha, angangahumusha
2nd singular	wahumusha	wangahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha
1st plural	sahumusha	sangahumusha, asahumusha, asangahumusha
2nd plural	nahumusha	nangahumusha, anahumusha, anangahumusha
Class 1	wahumusha	wangahumusha, akahumusha, akangahumusha
Class 2	bahumusha	bangahumusha, abahumusha, abangahumusha
Class 3	wahumusha	wangahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha
Class 4	yahumusha	yangahumusha, ayahumusha, ayangahumusha
Class 5	lahumusha	langahumusha, alahumusha, alangahumusha
Class 6	ahumusha	angahumusha, awahumusha, awangahumusha
Class 7	sahumusha	sangahumusha, asahumusha, asangahumusha
Class 8	zahumusha	zangahumusha, azahumusha, azangahumusha
Class 9	yahumusha	yangahumusha, ayahumusha, ayangahumusha
Class 10	zahumusha	zangahumusha, azahumusha, azangahumusha
Class 11	lwahumusha	lwangahumusha, alwahumusha, alwangahumusha
Class 14	bahumusha	bangahumusha, abahumusha, abangahumusha
Class 15	kwahumusha	kwangahumusha, akwahumusha, akwangahumusha
Class 17	kwahumusha	kwangahumusha, akwahumusha, akwangahumusha

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “humusha”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “humusha (3.2.9)”
• Louw, J.A. (2013) “The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu”, in Vossen, Rainer, editor, The Khoesan Languages, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 435-444