hlafuna

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

-hláfúna

1. to chew

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

hlafuna

1. to chew

Xhosa

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Verb

-hláfúna

1. to chew

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-cákuna, a variant of Proto-Bantu *-tákuna.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɬafuːna/

Verb

-hlafúna

1. to chew

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukuhlafuna
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuhlafuna	ukungahlafuni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	hlafuna	-hlafune
Plural	hlafunani	-hlafuneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyahlafuna, ngihlafuna	engihlafunayo, engihlafuna	ngihlafuna	angihlafuni	engingahlafuni	ngingahlafuni
2nd singular	uyahlafuna, uhlafuna	ohlafunayo, ohlafuna	uhlafuna	awuhlafuni	ongahlafuni	ungahlafuni
1st plural	siyahlafuna, sihlafuna	esihlafunayo, esihlafuna	sihlafuna	asihlafuni	esingahlafuni	singahlafuni
2nd plural	niyahlafuna, nihlafuna	enihlafunayo, enihlafuna	nihlafuna	anihlafuni	eningahlafuni	ningahlafuni
Class 1	uyahlafuna, uhlafuna	ohlafunayo, ohlafuna	ehlafuna	akahlafuni	ongahlafuni	engahlafuni
Class 2	bayahlafuna, bahlafuna	abahlafunayo, abahlafuna	behlafuna	abahlafuni	abangahlafuni	bengahlafuni
Class 3	uyahlafuna, uhlafuna	ohlafunayo, ohlafuna	uhlafuna	awuhlafuni	ongahlafuni	ungahlafuni
Class 4	iyahlafuna, ihlafuna	ehlafunayo, ehlafuna	ihlafuna	ayihlafuni	engahlafuni	ingahlafuni
Class 5	liyahlafuna, lihlafuna	elihlafunayo, elihlafuna	lihlafuna	alihlafuni	elingahlafuni	lingahlafuni
Class 6	ayahlafuna, ahlafuna	ahlafunayo, ahlafuna	ehlafuna	awahlafuni	angahlafuni	engahlafuni
Class 7	siyahlafuna, sihlafuna	esihlafunayo, esihlafuna	sihlafuna	asihlafuni	esingahlafuni	singahlafuni
Class 8	ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna	ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna	zihlafuna	azihlafuni	ezingahlafuni	zingahlafuni
Class 9	iyahlafuna, ihlafuna	ehlafunayo, ehlafuna	ihlafuna	ayihlafuni	engahlafuni	ingahlafuni
Class 10	ziyahlafuna, zihlafuna	ezihlafunayo, ezihlafuna	zihlafuna	azihlafuni	ezingahlafuni	zingahlafuni
Class 11	luyahlafuna, luhlafuna	oluhlafunayo, oluhlafuna	luhlafuna	aluhlafuni	olungahlafuni	lungahlafuni
Class 14	buyahlafuna, buhlafuna	obuhlafunayo, obuhlafuna	buhlafuna	abuhlafuni	obungahlafuni	bungahlafuni
Class 15	kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna	okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna	kuhlafuna	akuhlafuni	okungahlafuni	kungahlafuni
Class 17	kuyahlafuna, kuhlafuna	okuhlafunayo, okuhlafuna	kuhlafuna	akuhlafuni	okungahlafuni	kungahlafuni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē	engihlafunile, engihlafunē	ngihlafunile, ngihlafunē	angihlafunanga	engingahlafunanga	ngingahlafunanga
2nd singular	uhlafunile, uhlafunē	ohlafunile, ohlafunē	uhlafunile, uhlafunē	awuhlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	ungahlafunanga
1st plural	sihlafunile, sihlafunē	esihlafunile, esihlafunē	sihlafunile, sihlafunē	asihlafunanga	esingahlafunanga	singahlafunanga
2nd plural	nihlafunile, nihlafunē	enihlafunile, enihlafunē	nihlafunile, nihlafunē	anihlafunanga	eningahlafunanga	ningahlafunanga
Class 1	uhlafunile, uhlafunē	ohlafunile, ohlafunē	ehlafunile, ehlafunē	akahlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	engahlafunanga
Class 2	bahlafunile, bahlafunē	abahlafunile, abahlafunē	behlafunile, behlafunē	abahlafunanga	abangahlafunanga	bengahlafunanga
Class 3	uhlafunile, uhlafunē	ohlafunile, ohlafunē	uhlafunile, uhlafunē	awuhlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	ungahlafunanga
Class 4	ihlafunile, ihlafunē	ehlafunile, ehlafunē	ihlafunile, ihlafunē	ayihlafunanga	engahlafunanga	ingahlafunanga
Class 5	lihlafunile, lihlafunē	elihlafunile, elihlafunē	lihlafunile, lihlafunē	alihlafunanga	elingahlafunanga	lingahlafunanga
Class 6	ahlafunile, ahlafunē	ahlafunile, ahlafunē	ehlafunile, ehlafunē	awahlafunanga	angahlafunanga	engahlafunanga
Class 7	sihlafunile, sihlafunē	esihlafunile, esihlafunē	sihlafunile, sihlafunē	asihlafunanga	esingahlafunanga	singahlafunanga
Class 8	zihlafunile, zihlafunē	ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē	zihlafunile, zihlafunē	azihlafunanga	ezingahlafunanga	zingahlafunanga
Class 9	ihlafunile, ihlafunē	ehlafunile, ehlafunē	ihlafunile, ihlafunē	ayihlafunanga	engahlafunanga	ingahlafunanga
Class 10	zihlafunile, zihlafunē	ezihlafunile, ezihlafunē	zihlafunile, zihlafunē	azihlafunanga	ezingahlafunanga	zingahlafunanga
Class 11	luhlafunile, luhlafunē	oluhlafunile, oluhlafunē	luhlafunile, luhlafunē	aluhlafunanga	olungahlafunanga	lungahlafunanga
Class 14	buhlafunile, buhlafunē	obuhlafunile, obuhlafunē	buhlafunile, buhlafunē	abuhlafunanga	obungahlafunanga	bungahlafunanga
Class 15	kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē	okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē	kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē	akuhlafunanga	okungahlafunanga	kungahlafunanga
Class 17	kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē	okuhlafunile, okuhlafunē	kuhlafunile, kuhlafunē	akuhlafunanga	okungahlafunanga	kungahlafunanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāhlafuna	engāhlafuna	ngāhlafuna	angihlafunanga	engingahlafunanga	ngingahlafunanga
2nd singular	wāhlafuna	owāhlafuna	wāhlafuna	awuhlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	ungahlafunanga
1st plural	sāhlafuna	esāhlafuna	sāhlafuna	asihlafunanga	esingahlafunanga	singahlafunanga
2nd plural	nāhlafuna	enāhlafuna	nāhlafuna	anihlafunanga	eningahlafunanga	ningahlafunanga
Class 1	wāhlafuna	owāhlafuna	āhlafuna	akahlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	engahlafunanga
Class 2	bāhlafuna	abāhlafuna	bāhlafuna	abahlafunanga	abangahlafunanga	bengahlafunanga
Class 3	wāhlafuna	owāhlafuna	wāhlafuna	awuhlafunanga	ongahlafunanga	ungahlafunanga
Class 4	yāhlafuna	eyāhlafuna	yāhlafuna	ayihlafunanga	engahlafunanga	ingahlafunanga
Class 5	lāhlafuna	elāhlafuna	lāhlafuna	alihlafunanga	elingahlafunanga	lingahlafunanga
Class 6	āhlafuna	āhlafuna	āhlafuna	awahlafunanga	angahlafunanga	engahlafunanga
Class 7	sāhlafuna	esāhlafuna	sāhlafuna	asihlafunanga	esingahlafunanga	singahlafunanga
Class 8	zāhlafuna	ezāhlafuna	zāhlafuna	azihlafunanga	ezingahlafunanga	zingahlafunanga
Class 9	yāhlafuna	eyāhlafuna	yāhlafuna	ayihlafunanga	engahlafunanga	ingahlafunanga
Class 10	zāhlafuna	ezāhlafuna	zāhlafuna	azihlafunanga	ezingahlafunanga	zingahlafunanga
Class 11	lwāhlafuna	olwāhlafuna	lwāhlafuna	aluhlafunanga	olungahlafunanga	lungahlafunanga
Class 14	bāhlafuna	obāhlafuna	bāhlafuna	abuhlafunanga	obungahlafunanga	bungahlafunanga
Class 15	kwāhlafuna	okwāhlafuna	kwāhlafuna	akuhlafunanga	okungahlafunanga	kungahlafunanga
Class 17	kwāhlafuna	okwāhlafuna	kwāhlafuna	akuhlafunanga	okungahlafunanga	kungahlafunanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingahlafuna	—	ngingahlafuna	ngingehlafune	—	ngingehlafune
2nd singular	ungahlafuna	—	ungahlafuna	ungehlafune	—	ungehlafune
1st plural	singahlafuna	—	singahlafuna	singehlafune	—	singehlafune
2nd plural	ningahlafuna	—	ningahlafuna	ningehlafune	—	ningehlafune
Class 1	angahlafuna	—	engahlafuna	angehlafune	—	engehlafune
Class 2	bangahlafuna	—	bengahlafuna	bangehlafune	—	bengehlafune
Class 3	ungahlafuna	—	ungahlafuna	ungehlafune	—	ungehlafune
Class 4	ingahlafuna	—	ingahlafuna	ingehlafune	—	ingehlafune
Class 5	lingahlafuna	—	lingahlafuna	lingehlafune	—	lingehlafune
Class 6	angahlafuna	—	engahlafuna	angehlafune	—	engehlafune
Class 7	singahlafuna	—	singahlafuna	singehlafune	—	singehlafune
Class 8	zingahlafuna	—	zingahlafuna	zingehlafune	—	zingehlafune
Class 9	ingahlafuna	—	ingahlafuna	ingehlafune	—	ingehlafune
Class 10	zingahlafuna	—	zingahlafuna	zingehlafune	—	zingehlafune
Class 11	lungahlafuna	—	lungahlafuna	lungehlafune	—	lungehlafune
Class 14	bungahlafuna	—	bungahlafuna	bungehlafune	—	bungehlafune
Class 15	kungahlafuna	—	kungahlafuna	kungehlafune	—	kungehlafune
Class 17	kungahlafuna	—	kungahlafuna	kungehlafune	—	kungehlafune
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizohlafuna	engizohlafuna	ngizohlafuna	angizuhlafuna	engingezuhlafuna	ngingezuhlafuna
2nd singular	uzohlafuna	ozohlafuna	uzohlafuna	awuzuhlafuna	ongezuhlafuna	ungezuhlafuna
1st plural	sizohlafuna	esizohlafuna	sizohlafuna	asizuhlafuna	esingezuhlafuna	singezuhlafuna
2nd plural	nizohlafuna	enizohlafuna	nizohlafuna	anizuhlafuna	eningezuhlafuna	ningezuhlafuna
Class 1	uzohlafuna	ozohlafuna	ezohlafuna	akazuhlafuna	ongezuhlafuna	engezuhlafuna
Class 2	bazohlafuna	abazohlafuna	bezohlafuna	abazuhlafuna	abangezuhlafuna	bengezuhlafuna
Class 3	uzohlafuna	ozohlafuna	uzohlafuna	awuzuhlafuna	ongezuhlafuna	ungezuhlafuna
Class 4	izohlafuna	ezohlafuna	izohlafuna	ayizuhlafuna	engezuhlafuna	ingezuhlafuna
Class 5	lizohlafuna	elizohlafuna	lizohlafuna	alizuhlafuna	elingezuhlafuna	lingezuhlafuna
Class 6	azohlafuna	azohlafuna	ezohlafuna	awazuhlafuna	angezuhlafuna	engezuhlafuna
Class 7	sizohlafuna	esizohlafuna	sizohlafuna	asizuhlafuna	esingezuhlafuna	singezuhlafuna
Class 8	zizohlafuna	ezizohlafuna	zizohlafuna	azizuhlafuna	ezingezuhlafuna	zingezuhlafuna
Class 9	izohlafuna	ezohlafuna	izohlafuna	ayizuhlafuna	engezuhlafuna	ingezuhlafuna
Class 10	zizohlafuna	ezizohlafuna	zizohlafuna	azizuhlafuna	ezingezuhlafuna	zingezuhlafuna
Class 11	luzohlafuna	oluzohlafuna	luzohlafuna	aluzuhlafuna	olungezuhlafuna	lungezuhlafuna
Class 14	buzohlafuna	obuzohlafuna	buzohlafuna	abuzuhlafuna	obungezuhlafuna	bungezuhlafuna
Class 15	kuzohlafuna	okuzohlafuna	kuzohlafuna	akuzuhlafuna	okungezuhlafuna	kungezuhlafuna
Class 17	kuzohlafuna	okuzohlafuna	kuzohlafuna	akuzuhlafuna	okungezuhlafuna	kungezuhlafuna
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyohlafuna	engiyohlafuna	ngiyohlafuna	angiyuhlafuna	engingeyuhlafuna	ngingeyuhlafuna
2nd singular	uyohlafuna	oyohlafuna	uyohlafuna	awuyuhlafuna	ongeyuhlafuna	ungeyuhlafuna
1st plural	siyohlafuna	esiyohlafuna	siyohlafuna	asiyuhlafuna	esingeyuhlafuna	singeyuhlafuna
2nd plural	niyohlafuna	eniyohlafuna	niyohlafuna	aniyuhlafuna	eningeyuhlafuna	ningeyuhlafuna
Class 1	uyohlafuna	oyohlafuna	eyohlafuna	akayuhlafuna	ongeyuhlafuna	engeyuhlafuna
Class 2	bayohlafuna	abayohlafuna	beyohlafuna	abayuhlafuna	abangeyuhlafuna	bengeyuhlafuna
Class 3	uyohlafuna	oyohlafuna	uyohlafuna	awuyuhlafuna	ongeyuhlafuna	ungeyuhlafuna
Class 4	iyohlafuna	eyohlafuna	iyohlafuna	ayiyuhlafuna	engeyuhlafuna	ingeyuhlafuna
Class 5	liyohlafuna	eliyohlafuna	liyohlafuna	aliyuhlafuna	elingeyuhlafuna	lingeyuhlafuna
Class 6	ayohlafuna	ayohlafuna	eyohlafuna	awayuhlafuna	angeyuhlafuna	engeyuhlafuna
Class 7	siyohlafuna	esiyohlafuna	siyohlafuna	asiyuhlafuna	esingeyuhlafuna	singeyuhlafuna
Class 8	ziyohlafuna	eziyohlafuna	ziyohlafuna	aziyuhlafuna	ezingeyuhlafuna	zingeyuhlafuna
Class 9	iyohlafuna	eyohlafuna	iyohlafuna	ayiyuhlafuna	engeyuhlafuna	ingeyuhlafuna
Class 10	ziyohlafuna	eziyohlafuna	ziyohlafuna	aziyuhlafuna	ezingeyuhlafuna	zingeyuhlafuna
Class 11	luyohlafuna	oluyohlafuna	luyohlafuna	aluyuhlafuna	olungeyuhlafuna	lungeyuhlafuna
Class 14	buyohlafuna	obuyohlafuna	buyohlafuna	abuyuhlafuna	obungeyuhlafuna	bungeyuhlafuna
Class 15	kuyohlafuna	okuyohlafuna	kuyohlafuna	akuyuhlafuna	okungeyuhlafuna	kungeyuhlafuna
Class 17	kuyohlafuna	okuyohlafuna	kuyohlafuna	akuyuhlafuna	okungeyuhlafuna	kungeyuhlafuna
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngihlafune	ngingahlafuni
2nd singular	uhlafune	ungahlafuni
1st plural	sihlafune	singahlafuni
2nd plural	nihlafune	ningahlafuni
Class 1	ahlafune	angahlafuni
Class 2	bahlafune	bangahlafuni
Class 3	uhlafune	ungahlafuni
Class 4	ihlafune	ingahlafuni
Class 5	lihlafune	lingahlafuni
Class 6	ahlafune	angahlafuni
Class 7	sihlafune	singahlafuni
Class 8	zihlafune	zingahlafuni
Class 9	ihlafune	ingahlafuni
Class 10	zihlafune	zingahlafuni
Class 11	luhlafune	lungahlafuni
Class 14	buhlafune	bungahlafuni
Class 15	kuhlafune	kungahlafuni
Class 17	kuhlafune	kungahlafuni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngahlafuna	ngangahlafuna, angahlafuna, angangahlafuna
2nd singular	wahlafuna	wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
1st plural	sahlafuna	sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna
2nd plural	nahlafuna	nangahlafuna, anahlafuna, anangahlafuna
Class 1	wahlafuna	wangahlafuna, akahlafuna, akangahlafuna
Class 2	bahlafuna	bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna
Class 3	wahlafuna	wangahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
Class 4	yahlafuna	yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna
Class 5	lahlafuna	langahlafuna, alahlafuna, alangahlafuna
Class 6	ahlafuna	angahlafuna, awahlafuna, awangahlafuna
Class 7	sahlafuna	sangahlafuna, asahlafuna, asangahlafuna
Class 8	zahlafuna	zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna
Class 9	yahlafuna	yangahlafuna, ayahlafuna, ayangahlafuna
Class 10	zahlafuna	zangahlafuna, azahlafuna, azangahlafuna
Class 11	lwahlafuna	lwangahlafuna, alwahlafuna, alwangahlafuna
Class 14	bahlafuna	bangahlafuna, abahlafuna, abangahlafuna
Class 15	kwahlafuna	kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna
Class 17	kwahlafuna	kwangahlafuna, akwahlafuna, akwangahlafuna

Derived terms

• inhlafuno

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “hlafuna”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “hlafuna (3.2.9)”