grammaticalize
English
[edit]| Examples |
|---|
|
The development of the Old English content verb willan (“want”) into the modern English clitic -'ll (which cannot take stress, unlike its uncontracted form) as in "the woman I saw yesterday'll be there again today" is an example of grammaticalization. |
Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Back-formation from grammaticalization.
Verb
[edit]grammaticalize (third-person singular simple present grammaticalizes, present participle grammaticalizing, simple past and past participle grammaticalized)
- (transitive) To make grammatical.
- 1999, Rod Ellis, Learning a Second Language through Interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, →ISBN, page 174:
- Enhanced output arises when learners grammaticalize their output either through the use of more advanced interlanguage forms or of target language forms.
- 2001, Eli Hinkel, Sandra Fotos, New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms, Routledge, →ISBN, page 23:
- It is only later that learners begin to grammaticalize their speech. According to N. Ellis (1996), they do this by extracting rules from the items they have learned—bootstrapping their way to grammar.
- (linguistics, transitive) To integrate into a system of grammar; to make (something such as a constraint) an element or rule of grammar, to cause (something) to be required by grammar.
- 1993, North Eastern Linguistic Society. Meeting, Proceedings of NELS.:
- That is, the cooccurrence restrictions do cross intervening specifications for the same feature. […] In the model, a linguistic constraint against homorganicity (which may grammaticalize constraints on motor programming) is enforced on pairs […]
- 2003, George Melville Bolling, Bernard Bloch, Language:
- ... Udmurt, Turkish, and Yucatec Mayan to test (and critique) the hypothesis that possessives grammaticalize into definite articles.
- 2014, Brian MacWhinney, William O'Grady, The Handbook of Language Emergence, John Wiley & Sons, →ISBN, page 18:
- For example, some languages grammaticalize the universal preference for definite over indefinite subjects, whereas it remains a soft constraint in others […]
- (linguistics, transitive) To cause (a word, a suffix, etc) to undergo grammaticalization.
- 2002, Aleksandra I͡Urʹevna Aĭkhenvalʹd, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Aleksandra I︠U︡rʹevna Aĭkhenvalʹd, Language Contact in Amazonia, Oxford University Press on Demand, →ISBN, page 292:
- Similarly to other classifier languages in South America and elsewhere, a number of nouns grammaticalize as classifiers and are also used as derivational suffixes, e.g. *-maka 'stretch (of cloth)' (from *maka “hammock'), […]
- 2005, Laurel J. Brinton, Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Lexicalization and Language Change, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 109:
- Items that grammaticalize become more productive in the sense that the grammaticalizing element occurs with increasingly large numebrs of categories. […] Clearly, lexicalization is far less constrained by various types of linguistic processes than grammaticalization is.
- 2017, Kees Hengeveld, Heiko Narrog, Hella Olbertz, The Grammaticalization of Tense, Aspect, Modality and Evidentiality: A Functional Perspective, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 143:
- As participles tend to grammaticalize into modal suffixes in Uralic and other Siberian languages, and not the other way around (Janhunen 1998: 471; Malchukov 2013), it can be assumed that the Proto-Samoyedic suffix *-pso was a participle ...