gqwala

Zulu

FWOTD – 1 September 2019

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ᶢǃʱwaːla/

Verb

-gqwala

1. (intransitive) to rust, to corrode
2. (intransitive) to bleach, to fade, to lose colour

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukugqwala
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukugqwala	ukungagqwali
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	gqwala	-gqwale
Plural	gqwalani	-gqwaleni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyagqwala, ngigqwala	engigqwalayo, engigqwala	ngigqwala	angigqwali	engingagqwali	ngingagqwali
2nd singular	uyagqwala, ugqwala	ogqwalayo, ogqwala	ugqwala	awugqwali	ongagqwali	ungagqwali
1st plural	siyagqwala, sigqwala	esigqwalayo, esigqwala	sigqwala	asigqwali	esingagqwali	singagqwali
2nd plural	niyagqwala, nigqwala	enigqwalayo, enigqwala	nigqwala	anigqwali	eningagqwali	ningagqwali
Class 1	uyagqwala, ugqwala	ogqwalayo, ogqwala	egqwala	akagqwali	ongagqwali	engagqwali
Class 2	bayagqwala, bagqwala	abagqwalayo, abagqwala	begqwala	abagqwali	abangagqwali	bengagqwali
Class 3	uyagqwala, ugqwala	ogqwalayo, ogqwala	ugqwala	awugqwali	ongagqwali	ungagqwali
Class 4	iyagqwala, igqwala	egqwalayo, egqwala	igqwala	ayigqwali	engagqwali	ingagqwali
Class 5	liyagqwala, ligqwala	eligqwalayo, eligqwala	ligqwala	aligqwali	elingagqwali	lingagqwali
Class 6	ayagqwala, agqwala	agqwalayo, agqwala	egqwala	awagqwali	angagqwali	engagqwali
Class 7	siyagqwala, sigqwala	esigqwalayo, esigqwala	sigqwala	asigqwali	esingagqwali	singagqwali
Class 8	ziyagqwala, zigqwala	ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala	zigqwala	azigqwali	ezingagqwali	zingagqwali
Class 9	iyagqwala, igqwala	egqwalayo, egqwala	igqwala	ayigqwali	engagqwali	ingagqwali
Class 10	ziyagqwala, zigqwala	ezigqwalayo, ezigqwala	zigqwala	azigqwali	ezingagqwali	zingagqwali
Class 11	luyagqwala, lugqwala	olugqwalayo, olugqwala	lugqwala	alugqwali	olungagqwali	lungagqwali
Class 14	buyagqwala, bugqwala	obugqwalayo, obugqwala	bugqwala	abugqwali	obungagqwali	bungagqwali
Class 15	kuyagqwala, kugqwala	okugqwalayo, okugqwala	kugqwala	akugqwali	okungagqwali	kungagqwali
Class 17	kuyagqwala, kugqwala	okugqwalayo, okugqwala	kugqwala	akugqwali	okungagqwali	kungagqwali
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē	engigqwalile, engigqwalē	ngigqwalile, ngigqwalē	angigqwalanga	engingagqwalanga	ngingagqwalanga
2nd singular	ugqwalile, ugqwalē	ogqwalile, ogqwalē	ugqwalile, ugqwalē	awugqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	ungagqwalanga
1st plural	sigqwalile, sigqwalē	esigqwalile, esigqwalē	sigqwalile, sigqwalē	asigqwalanga	esingagqwalanga	singagqwalanga
2nd plural	nigqwalile, nigqwalē	enigqwalile, enigqwalē	nigqwalile, nigqwalē	anigqwalanga	eningagqwalanga	ningagqwalanga
Class 1	ugqwalile, ugqwalē	ogqwalile, ogqwalē	egqwalile, egqwalē	akagqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	engagqwalanga
Class 2	bagqwalile, bagqwalē	abagqwalile, abagqwalē	begqwalile, begqwalē	abagqwalanga	abangagqwalanga	bengagqwalanga
Class 3	ugqwalile, ugqwalē	ogqwalile, ogqwalē	ugqwalile, ugqwalē	awugqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	ungagqwalanga
Class 4	igqwalile, igqwalē	egqwalile, egqwalē	igqwalile, igqwalē	ayigqwalanga	engagqwalanga	ingagqwalanga
Class 5	ligqwalile, ligqwalē	eligqwalile, eligqwalē	ligqwalile, ligqwalē	aligqwalanga	elingagqwalanga	lingagqwalanga
Class 6	agqwalile, agqwalē	agqwalile, agqwalē	egqwalile, egqwalē	awagqwalanga	angagqwalanga	engagqwalanga
Class 7	sigqwalile, sigqwalē	esigqwalile, esigqwalē	sigqwalile, sigqwalē	asigqwalanga	esingagqwalanga	singagqwalanga
Class 8	zigqwalile, zigqwalē	ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē	zigqwalile, zigqwalē	azigqwalanga	ezingagqwalanga	zingagqwalanga
Class 9	igqwalile, igqwalē	egqwalile, egqwalē	igqwalile, igqwalē	ayigqwalanga	engagqwalanga	ingagqwalanga
Class 10	zigqwalile, zigqwalē	ezigqwalile, ezigqwalē	zigqwalile, zigqwalē	azigqwalanga	ezingagqwalanga	zingagqwalanga
Class 11	lugqwalile, lugqwalē	olugqwalile, olugqwalē	lugqwalile, lugqwalē	alugqwalanga	olungagqwalanga	lungagqwalanga
Class 14	bugqwalile, bugqwalē	obugqwalile, obugqwalē	bugqwalile, bugqwalē	abugqwalanga	obungagqwalanga	bungagqwalanga
Class 15	kugqwalile, kugqwalē	okugqwalile, okugqwalē	kugqwalile, kugqwalē	akugqwalanga	okungagqwalanga	kungagqwalanga
Class 17	kugqwalile, kugqwalē	okugqwalile, okugqwalē	kugqwalile, kugqwalē	akugqwalanga	okungagqwalanga	kungagqwalanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāgqwala	engāgqwala	ngāgqwala	angigqwalanga	engingagqwalanga	ngingagqwalanga
2nd singular	wāgqwala	owāgqwala	wāgqwala	awugqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	ungagqwalanga
1st plural	sāgqwala	esāgqwala	sāgqwala	asigqwalanga	esingagqwalanga	singagqwalanga
2nd plural	nāgqwala	enāgqwala	nāgqwala	anigqwalanga	eningagqwalanga	ningagqwalanga
Class 1	wāgqwala	owāgqwala	āgqwala	akagqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	engagqwalanga
Class 2	bāgqwala	abāgqwala	bāgqwala	abagqwalanga	abangagqwalanga	bengagqwalanga
Class 3	wāgqwala	owāgqwala	wāgqwala	awugqwalanga	ongagqwalanga	ungagqwalanga
Class 4	yāgqwala	eyāgqwala	yāgqwala	ayigqwalanga	engagqwalanga	ingagqwalanga
Class 5	lāgqwala	elāgqwala	lāgqwala	aligqwalanga	elingagqwalanga	lingagqwalanga
Class 6	āgqwala	āgqwala	āgqwala	awagqwalanga	angagqwalanga	engagqwalanga
Class 7	sāgqwala	esāgqwala	sāgqwala	asigqwalanga	esingagqwalanga	singagqwalanga
Class 8	zāgqwala	ezāgqwala	zāgqwala	azigqwalanga	ezingagqwalanga	zingagqwalanga
Class 9	yāgqwala	eyāgqwala	yāgqwala	ayigqwalanga	engagqwalanga	ingagqwalanga
Class 10	zāgqwala	ezāgqwala	zāgqwala	azigqwalanga	ezingagqwalanga	zingagqwalanga
Class 11	lwāgqwala	olwāgqwala	lwāgqwala	alugqwalanga	olungagqwalanga	lungagqwalanga
Class 14	bāgqwala	obāgqwala	bāgqwala	abugqwalanga	obungagqwalanga	bungagqwalanga
Class 15	kwāgqwala	okwāgqwala	kwāgqwala	akugqwalanga	okungagqwalanga	kungagqwalanga
Class 17	kwāgqwala	okwāgqwala	kwāgqwala	akugqwalanga	okungagqwalanga	kungagqwalanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingagqwala	—	ngingagqwala	ngingegqwale	—	ngingegqwale
2nd singular	ungagqwala	—	ungagqwala	ungegqwale	—	ungegqwale
1st plural	singagqwala	—	singagqwala	singegqwale	—	singegqwale
2nd plural	ningagqwala	—	ningagqwala	ningegqwale	—	ningegqwale
Class 1	angagqwala	—	engagqwala	angegqwale	—	engegqwale
Class 2	bangagqwala	—	bengagqwala	bangegqwale	—	bengegqwale
Class 3	ungagqwala	—	ungagqwala	ungegqwale	—	ungegqwale
Class 4	ingagqwala	—	ingagqwala	ingegqwale	—	ingegqwale
Class 5	lingagqwala	—	lingagqwala	lingegqwale	—	lingegqwale
Class 6	angagqwala	—	engagqwala	angegqwale	—	engegqwale
Class 7	singagqwala	—	singagqwala	singegqwale	—	singegqwale
Class 8	zingagqwala	—	zingagqwala	zingegqwale	—	zingegqwale
Class 9	ingagqwala	—	ingagqwala	ingegqwale	—	ingegqwale
Class 10	zingagqwala	—	zingagqwala	zingegqwale	—	zingegqwale
Class 11	lungagqwala	—	lungagqwala	lungegqwale	—	lungegqwale
Class 14	bungagqwala	—	bungagqwala	bungegqwale	—	bungegqwale
Class 15	kungagqwala	—	kungagqwala	kungegqwale	—	kungegqwale
Class 17	kungagqwala	—	kungagqwala	kungegqwale	—	kungegqwale
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizogqwala	engizogqwala	ngizogqwala	angizugqwala	engingezugqwala	ngingezugqwala
2nd singular	uzogqwala	ozogqwala	uzogqwala	awuzugqwala	ongezugqwala	ungezugqwala
1st plural	sizogqwala	esizogqwala	sizogqwala	asizugqwala	esingezugqwala	singezugqwala
2nd plural	nizogqwala	enizogqwala	nizogqwala	anizugqwala	eningezugqwala	ningezugqwala
Class 1	uzogqwala	ozogqwala	ezogqwala	akazugqwala	ongezugqwala	engezugqwala
Class 2	bazogqwala	abazogqwala	bezogqwala	abazugqwala	abangezugqwala	bengezugqwala
Class 3	uzogqwala	ozogqwala	uzogqwala	awuzugqwala	ongezugqwala	ungezugqwala
Class 4	izogqwala	ezogqwala	izogqwala	ayizugqwala	engezugqwala	ingezugqwala
Class 5	lizogqwala	elizogqwala	lizogqwala	alizugqwala	elingezugqwala	lingezugqwala
Class 6	azogqwala	azogqwala	ezogqwala	awazugqwala	angezugqwala	engezugqwala
Class 7	sizogqwala	esizogqwala	sizogqwala	asizugqwala	esingezugqwala	singezugqwala
Class 8	zizogqwala	ezizogqwala	zizogqwala	azizugqwala	ezingezugqwala	zingezugqwala
Class 9	izogqwala	ezogqwala	izogqwala	ayizugqwala	engezugqwala	ingezugqwala
Class 10	zizogqwala	ezizogqwala	zizogqwala	azizugqwala	ezingezugqwala	zingezugqwala
Class 11	luzogqwala	oluzogqwala	luzogqwala	aluzugqwala	olungezugqwala	lungezugqwala
Class 14	buzogqwala	obuzogqwala	buzogqwala	abuzugqwala	obungezugqwala	bungezugqwala
Class 15	kuzogqwala	okuzogqwala	kuzogqwala	akuzugqwala	okungezugqwala	kungezugqwala
Class 17	kuzogqwala	okuzogqwala	kuzogqwala	akuzugqwala	okungezugqwala	kungezugqwala
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyogqwala	engiyogqwala	ngiyogqwala	angiyugqwala	engingeyugqwala	ngingeyugqwala
2nd singular	uyogqwala	oyogqwala	uyogqwala	awuyugqwala	ongeyugqwala	ungeyugqwala
1st plural	siyogqwala	esiyogqwala	siyogqwala	asiyugqwala	esingeyugqwala	singeyugqwala
2nd plural	niyogqwala	eniyogqwala	niyogqwala	aniyugqwala	eningeyugqwala	ningeyugqwala
Class 1	uyogqwala	oyogqwala	eyogqwala	akayugqwala	ongeyugqwala	engeyugqwala
Class 2	bayogqwala	abayogqwala	beyogqwala	abayugqwala	abangeyugqwala	bengeyugqwala
Class 3	uyogqwala	oyogqwala	uyogqwala	awuyugqwala	ongeyugqwala	ungeyugqwala
Class 4	iyogqwala	eyogqwala	iyogqwala	ayiyugqwala	engeyugqwala	ingeyugqwala
Class 5	liyogqwala	eliyogqwala	liyogqwala	aliyugqwala	elingeyugqwala	lingeyugqwala
Class 6	ayogqwala	ayogqwala	eyogqwala	awayugqwala	angeyugqwala	engeyugqwala
Class 7	siyogqwala	esiyogqwala	siyogqwala	asiyugqwala	esingeyugqwala	singeyugqwala
Class 8	ziyogqwala	eziyogqwala	ziyogqwala	aziyugqwala	ezingeyugqwala	zingeyugqwala
Class 9	iyogqwala	eyogqwala	iyogqwala	ayiyugqwala	engeyugqwala	ingeyugqwala
Class 10	ziyogqwala	eziyogqwala	ziyogqwala	aziyugqwala	ezingeyugqwala	zingeyugqwala
Class 11	luyogqwala	oluyogqwala	luyogqwala	aluyugqwala	olungeyugqwala	lungeyugqwala
Class 14	buyogqwala	obuyogqwala	buyogqwala	abuyugqwala	obungeyugqwala	bungeyugqwala
Class 15	kuyogqwala	okuyogqwala	kuyogqwala	akuyugqwala	okungeyugqwala	kungeyugqwala
Class 17	kuyogqwala	okuyogqwala	kuyogqwala	akuyugqwala	okungeyugqwala	kungeyugqwala
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngigqwale	ngingagqwali
2nd singular	ugqwale	ungagqwali
1st plural	sigqwale	singagqwali
2nd plural	nigqwale	ningagqwali
Class 1	agqwale	angagqwali
Class 2	bagqwale	bangagqwali
Class 3	ugqwale	ungagqwali
Class 4	igqwale	ingagqwali
Class 5	ligqwale	lingagqwali
Class 6	agqwale	angagqwali
Class 7	sigqwale	singagqwali
Class 8	zigqwale	zingagqwali
Class 9	igqwale	ingagqwali
Class 10	zigqwale	zingagqwali
Class 11	lugqwale	lungagqwali
Class 14	bugqwale	bungagqwali
Class 15	kugqwale	kungagqwali
Class 17	kugqwale	kungagqwali
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngagqwala	ngangagqwala, angagqwala, angangagqwala
2nd singular	wagqwala	wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
1st plural	sagqwala	sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala
2nd plural	nagqwala	nangagqwala, anagqwala, anangagqwala
Class 1	wagqwala	wangagqwala, akagqwala, akangagqwala
Class 2	bagqwala	bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala
Class 3	wagqwala	wangagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
Class 4	yagqwala	yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala
Class 5	lagqwala	langagqwala, alagqwala, alangagqwala
Class 6	agqwala	angagqwala, awagqwala, awangagqwala
Class 7	sagqwala	sangagqwala, asagqwala, asangagqwala
Class 8	zagqwala	zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala
Class 9	yagqwala	yangagqwala, ayagqwala, ayangagqwala
Class 10	zagqwala	zangagqwala, azagqwala, azangagqwala
Class 11	lwagqwala	lwangagqwala, alwagqwala, alwangagqwala
Class 14	bagqwala	bangagqwala, abagqwala, abangagqwala
Class 15	kwagqwala	kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala
Class 17	kwagqwala	kwangagqwala, akwagqwala, akwangagqwala

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gqwala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gqwala (6.3)”