gorfod
Appearance
Welsh
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]gor- (“super-, over-”) + bod (“to be”). Cf. Old Irish fortá (“to remain, to be superior to”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrɔd/, /ˈɡɔrɔ/
- (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔ/
Verb
[edit]gorfod (first-person singular present gorfyddaf)
- (transitive) to have to, must
- Synonym: bod rhaid i
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
present/future | gorfyddaf | gorfyddi | cyferfydd | gorfyddwn | gorfyddwch | gorfyddant | gorfyddir | |
imperfect/conditional | gorfyddwn | gorfyddit | gorfyddai | gorfyddem | gorfyddech | gorfyddent | gorfyddid | |
preterite | gorfûm, gorfyddais | gorfuost, gorfyddaist | gorfu, gorfyddodd | gorfuom, gorfyddasom | gorfuoch, gorfyddasoch | gorfuant, gorfyddasant | gorfuwyd | |
pluperfect | gorfuaswn | gorfuasit | gorfuasai | gorfuasem | gorfuasech | gorfuasent | gorfuasid | |
subjunctive | gorfyddwyf | gorfyddych | gorfyddo | gorfyddom | gorfyddoch | gorfyddont | gorfydder | |
imperative | — | gorfydda | gorfydded | gorfyddwn | gorfyddwch | gorfyddent | gorfydder | |
verbal noun | gorfod | |||||||
verbal adjectives | gorfyddedig gorfyddadwy |
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
future | gorfydda i, gorfyddaf i | gorfyddi di | gorfydd o/e/hi | gorfyddwn ni | gorfyddwch chi | gorfyddan nhw |
conditional | gorfyddwn i, gorfyddswn i | gorfyddet ti, gorfyddset ti | gorfyddai fo/fe/hi, gorfyddsai fo/fe/hi | gorfydden ni, gorfyddsen ni | gorfyddech chi, gorfyddsech chi | gorfydden nhw, gorfyddsen nhw |
preterite | gorfues i | gorfuest ti | gorfuodd o/e/hi | gorfuon ni | gorfuoch chi | gorfuon nhw |
imperative | — | gorfydda | — | — | gorfyddwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |
Derived terms
[edit]- gorfodwr (“victor”)
- gorfodiad (“compulsion”)
- gorfodadwy (“enforceable, surmountable”)
Noun
[edit]gorfod f or m (plural gorfodau)
Derived terms
[edit]- cael y gorfod (“to triumph”)
- ciwed orfod (“press-gang”)
- dan orfod, yng ngorfod (“under obligation, obliged”)
- gorfodaeth (“compulsion, enforcement”)
- (law) gorfodeb (“injunction”)
- gorfodedd (“supremacy, dominance”)
- gorfodi (“to force, to compel”)
- gorfodog (“victorious, triumphant”)
- gorfodol, gorfodus (“obligatory, compulsory”)
- gorfodrif (“majority”)
- (historical) gorfotref (“subdivision of a feudal estate”)
- o orfod, trwy orfod (“by necessity, obligatorily”)
Adjective
[edit]gorfod (feminine singular gorfod, plural gorfod, not comparable)
- victorious, successful
- Synonyms: buddugol, gorchfygol, buddugol, llwyddiannus
- compulsory, mandatory, obligatory
Derived terms
[edit]- gŵr gorfod (“victor”)
- llafur gorfod (“forced labour”)
Mutation
[edit]radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
---|---|---|---|
gorfod | orfod | ngorfod | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.