gmgm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/ → /ˈkʼamkʼam/ → /ˈkʼamkʼəm/ → /ˈkʼamkʼəm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼəm/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼəm/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛmɡɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: gemgem

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (intransitive or transitive) to smash, to break
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 59–60:

     ḫtw ḥr gmgm tꜣ ḥr mnmn

     Trees were breaking, the ground was quaking.

Inflection

Conjugation of gmgm (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: gmgm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
gmgm	gmgmw, gmgm	gmgmt	gmgm	gmgm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
gmgm	ḥr gmgm	m gmgm	r gmgm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	gmgm.n	gmgmw, gmgm	consecutive	gmgm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	gmgmt
perfective3	gmgm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	gmgm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	gmgm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	gmgmw, gmgm	gmgmw, gmgm	potentialis1	gmgm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	gmgm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	gmgm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	gmgm	active + .tj1, .tw2	gmgm	gmgm, gmgmw5, gmgmy5
imperfective	gmgm, gmgmy, gmgmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	gmgm, gmgmj6, gmgmy6	gmgm, gmgmw5
prospective	gmgm, gmgmtj7	—	gmgmwtj1 4, gmgmtj4, gmgmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gmgm  

gmgm

Descendants

• Coptic:
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲙⲕⲙ (kmkm)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲙⲕⲉⲙ (kemkem)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 162, 290, 295.