gmgm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/ → /ˈkʼamkʼam/ → /ˈkʼamkʼəm/ → /ˈkʼamkʼəm/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼam/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼəm/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈkʼamkʼəm/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɡɛmɡɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: gemgem

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (intransitive or transitive) to smash, to break
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 59–60:

     ḫtw ḥr gmgm tꜣ ḥr mnmn

     Trees were breaking, the ground was quaking.

Inflection

Conjugation of gmgm (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: gmgm

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural gmgm gmgmw, gmgm gmgmt gmgm gmgm ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 gmgm ḥr gmgm m gmgm r gmgm suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect gmgm.n gmgmw, gmgm consecutive gmgm.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative gmgmt perfective3 gmgm active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 gmgm.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective gmgm active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 gmgmw, gmgm gmgmw, gmgm potentialis1 gmgm.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive gmgm active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect gmgm.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective gmgm active + .tj1, .tw2 gmgm gmgm, gmgmw5, gmgmy5 imperfective gmgm, gmgmy, gmgmw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 gmgm, gmgmj6, gmgmy6 gmgm, gmgmw5 prospective gmgm, gmgmtj7 — gmgmwtj1 4, gmgmtj4, gmgmt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of gmgm  

gmgm

Descendants

• Coptic:
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲙⲕⲙ (kmkm)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲕⲉⲙⲕⲉⲙ (kemkem)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 162, 290, 295.