estoner

Old French

Alternative forms

• estuner, estouner

Etymology

Based on Latin ex- (“out”) + tono (“I thunder”).

Verb

estoner

1. to stun, daze

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of estoner (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		estoner			avoir estoné
gerund		en estonant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		estonant
past participle		estoné
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	eston	estones	estone	estonons	estonez	estonent
	imperfect	estonoie, estoneie, estonoe, estoneve	estonoies, estoneies, estonoes, estoneves	estonoit, estoneit, estonot, estoneve	estoniiens, estoniens	estoniiez, estoniez	estonoient, estoneient, estonoent, estonevent
	preterite	estonai	estonas	estona	estonames	estonastes	estonerent
	future	estonerai	estoneras	estonera	estonerons	estoneroiz, estonereiz, estonerez	estoneront
	conditional	estoneroie, estonereie	estoneroies, estonereies	estoneroit, estonereit	estoneriiens, estoneriens	estoneriiez, estoneriez	estoneroient, estonereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	eston	estons	estont	estonons	estonez	estonent
	imperfect	estonasse	estonasses	estonast	estonissons, estonissiens	estonissoiz, estonissez, estonissiez	estonassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	estone	—	estonons	estonez	—

Descendants

• Bourbonnais: etouna
• Middle French: estonner, étonner
  • French: étonner
• Norman: êtonner (Jersiais)
• Picard: ètonneu (Athois)
• Walloon: èstèner (Liégeois)
• → Middle English: astonen, astonyen, astonien
  • Early English: astony, astone, aston, astun (archaic)
    • ⇒ English: astonish