esforcier
Appearance
Old French
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Vulgar Latin *exfortiāre, ultimately from Latin fortis (“strong”).
Verb
[edit]esforcier
- to try; to make a large effort
- to use force
- to rape
- to fortify; to reinforce
- to force (someone to do something)
- (reflexive, s'esforcier) to try; to attempt
- 13th Century, Author unknown, Le Vilain mire:
- Et la pucele qui ce voit,
A tout le mal qu'ele sentoit,
Vout rire, si s'en esforça
Que de la bouche li vola
L'areste hors enz el brasier.- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 1250, Rutebeuf, Ci encoumence la vie de Sainte Elyzabel, fille au roi de Hongrie:
- Sachiez, ce mes oncles m'esforce
Que je preigne mari a force,
Je m'enfuirai en aucun leu- Know that if my uncle forces me
To take a husband against my will
I will flee to any place [but here]
- Know that if my uncle forces me
Conjugation
[edit]This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -ier, with a palatal stem. These verbs are conjugated mostly like verbs in -er, but there is an extra i before the e of some endings. The forms that would normally end in *-c, *-cs, *-ct are modified to z, z, zt. In addition, c becomes ç before an a, o or u to keep the /ts/ sound intact. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of esforcier (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | esforcier | avoir esforcié | |||||
gerund | en esforçant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | esforçant | ||||||
past participle | esforcié | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | esforz | esforces | esforce | esforçons | esforciez | esforcent |
imperfect | esforçoie, esforceie, esforçoe, esforcieve | esforçoies, esforceies, esforçoes, esforcieves | esforçoit, esforceit, esforçot, esforcieve | esforciiens, esforciens | esforciiez, esforciez | esforçoient, esforceient, esforçoent, esforcievent | |
preterite | esforçai | esforças | esforça | esforçames | esforçastes | esforcierent | |
future | esforcerai | esforceras | esforcera | esforcerons | esforceroiz, esforcereiz, esforcerez | esforceront | |
conditional | esforceroie, esforcereie | esforceroies, esforcereies | esforceroit, esforcereit | esforceriiens, esforceriens | esforceriiez, esforceriez | esforceroient, esforcereient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | esforz | esforz | esforzt | esforçons | esforciez | esforcent |
imperfect | esforçasse | esforçasses | esforçast | esforcissons, esforcissiens | esforcissoiz, esforcissez, esforcissiez | esforçassent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | esforce | — | esforçons | esforciez | — |
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- French: efforcer
References
[edit]- Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (esforcier)
Categories:
- Old French terms inherited from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms derived from Vulgar Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French verbs
- Old French reflexive verbs
- Old French terms with quotations
- Old French verbs with weak-a2 preterite
- Old French first group verbs
- Old French verbs ending in -ier