esaba

Zulu

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

-esába

(transitive) to fear, to be afraid/scared of
(intransitive) to be afraid/scared/frightened
(transitive) to respect, to have respect for

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukwesaba
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukwesaba	ukungesabi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yesaba	-esabe
Plural	yesabani	-esabeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyesaba, ngesaba	engesabayo, engesaba	ngesaba	angesabi	engingesabi	ngingesabi
2nd singular	uyesaba, wesaba	owesabayo, owesaba	wesaba	awesabi	ongesabi	ungesabi
1st plural	siyesaba, sesaba	esesabayo, esesaba	sesaba	asesabi	esingesabi	singesabi
2nd plural	niyesaba, nesaba	enesabayo, enesaba	nesaba	anesabi	eningesabi	ningesabi
Class 1	uyesaba, wesaba	owesabayo, owesaba	esaba	akesabi	ongesabi	engesabi
Class 2	bayesaba, besaba	abesabayo, abesaba	besaba	abesabi	abangesabi	bengesabi
Class 3	uyesaba, wesaba	owesabayo, owesaba	wesaba	awesabi	ongesabi	ungesabi
Class 4	iyesaba, yesaba	eyesabayo, eyesaba	yesaba	ayesabi	engesabi	ingesabi
Class 5	liyesaba, lesaba	elesabayo, elesaba	lesaba	alesabi	elingesabi	lingesabi
Class 6	ayesaba, esaba	esabayo, esaba	esaba	awesabi	angesabi	engesabi
Class 7	siyesaba, sesaba	esesabayo, esesaba	sesaba	asesabi	esingesabi	singesabi
Class 8	ziyesaba, zesaba	ezesabayo, ezesaba	zesaba	azesabi	ezingesabi	zingesabi
Class 9	iyesaba, yesaba	eyesabayo, eyesaba	yesaba	ayesabi	engesabi	ingesabi
Class 10	ziyesaba, zesaba	ezesabayo, ezesaba	zesaba	azesabi	ezingesabi	zingesabi
Class 11	luyesaba, lwesaba	olwesabayo, olwesaba	lwesaba	alwesabi	olungesabi	lungesabi
Class 14	buyesaba, besaba	obesabayo, obesaba	besaba	abesabi	obungesabi	bungesabi
Class 15	kuyesaba, kwesaba	okwesabayo, okwesaba	kwesaba	akwesabi	okungesabi	kungesabi
Class 17	kuyesaba, kwesaba	okwesabayo, okwesaba	kwesaba	akwesabi	okungesabi	kungesabi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngesabile, ngesabē	engesabile, engesabē	ngesabile, ngesabē	angesabanga	engingesabanga	ngingesabanga
2nd singular	wesabile, wesabē	owesabile, owesabē	wesabile, wesabē	awesabanga	ongesabanga	ungesabanga
1st plural	sesabile, sesabē	esesabile, esesabē	sesabile, sesabē	asesabanga	esingesabanga	singesabanga
2nd plural	nesabile, nesabē	enesabile, enesabē	nesabile, nesabē	anesabanga	eningesabanga	ningesabanga
Class 1	wesabile, wesabē	owesabile, owesabē	esabile, esabē	akesabanga	ongesabanga	engesabanga
Class 2	besabile, besabē	abesabile, abesabē	besabile, besabē	abesabanga	abangesabanga	bengesabanga
Class 3	wesabile, wesabē	owesabile, owesabē	wesabile, wesabē	awesabanga	ongesabanga	ungesabanga
Class 4	yesabile, yesabē	eyesabile, eyesabē	yesabile, yesabē	ayesabanga	engesabanga	ingesabanga
Class 5	lesabile, lesabē	elesabile, elesabē	lesabile, lesabē	alesabanga	elingesabanga	lingesabanga
Class 6	esabile, esabē	esabile, esabē	esabile, esabē	awesabanga	angesabanga	engesabanga
Class 7	sesabile, sesabē	esesabile, esesabē	sesabile, sesabē	asesabanga	esingesabanga	singesabanga
Class 8	zesabile, zesabē	ezesabile, ezesabē	zesabile, zesabē	azesabanga	ezingesabanga	zingesabanga
Class 9	yesabile, yesabē	eyesabile, eyesabē	yesabile, yesabē	ayesabanga	engesabanga	ingesabanga
Class 10	zesabile, zesabē	ezesabile, ezesabē	zesabile, zesabē	azesabanga	ezingesabanga	zingesabanga
Class 11	lwesabile, lwesabē	olwesabile, olwesabē	lwesabile, lwesabē	alwesabanga	olungesabanga	lungesabanga
Class 14	besabile, besabē	obesabile, obesabē	besabile, besabē	abesabanga	obungesabanga	bungesabanga
Class 15	kwesabile, kwesabē	okwesabile, okwesabē	kwesabile, kwesabē	akwesabanga	okungesabanga	kungesabanga
Class 17	kwesabile, kwesabē	okwesabile, okwesabē	kwesabile, kwesabē	akwesabanga	okungesabanga	kungesabanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngēsaba	engēsaba	ngēsaba	angesabanga	engingesabanga	ngingesabanga
2nd singular	wēsaba	owēsaba	wēsaba	awesabanga	ongesabanga	ungesabanga
1st plural	sēsaba	esēsaba	sēsaba	asesabanga	esingesabanga	singesabanga
2nd plural	nēsaba	enēsaba	nēsaba	anesabanga	eningesabanga	ningesabanga
Class 1	wēsaba	owēsaba	ēsaba	akesabanga	ongesabanga	engesabanga
Class 2	bēsaba	abēsaba	bēsaba	abesabanga	abangesabanga	bengesabanga
Class 3	wēsaba	owēsaba	wēsaba	awesabanga	ongesabanga	ungesabanga
Class 4	yēsaba	eyēsaba	yēsaba	ayesabanga	engesabanga	ingesabanga
Class 5	lēsaba	elēsaba	lēsaba	alesabanga	elingesabanga	lingesabanga
Class 6	ēsaba	ēsaba	ēsaba	awesabanga	angesabanga	engesabanga
Class 7	sēsaba	esēsaba	sēsaba	asesabanga	esingesabanga	singesabanga
Class 8	zēsaba	ezēsaba	zēsaba	azesabanga	ezingesabanga	zingesabanga
Class 9	yēsaba	eyēsaba	yēsaba	ayesabanga	engesabanga	ingesabanga
Class 10	zēsaba	ezēsaba	zēsaba	azesabanga	ezingesabanga	zingesabanga
Class 11	lwēsaba	olwēsaba	lwēsaba	alwesabanga	olungesabanga	lungesabanga
Class 14	bēsaba	obēsaba	bēsaba	abesabanga	obungesabanga	bungesabanga
Class 15	kwēsaba	okwēsaba	kwēsaba	akwesabanga	okungesabanga	kungesabanga
Class 17	kwēsaba	okwēsaba	kwēsaba	akwesabanga	okungesabanga	kungesabanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingesaba	—	ngingesaba	ngingesabe	—	ngingesabe
2nd singular	ungesaba	—	ungesaba	ungesabe	—	ungesabe
1st plural	singesaba	—	singesaba	singesabe	—	singesabe
2nd plural	ningesaba	—	ningesaba	ningesabe	—	ningesabe
Class 1	angesaba	—	engesaba	angesabe	—	engesabe
Class 2	bangesaba	—	bengesaba	bangesabe	—	bengesabe
Class 3	ungesaba	—	ungesaba	ungesabe	—	ungesabe
Class 4	ingesaba	—	ingesaba	ingesabe	—	ingesabe
Class 5	lingesaba	—	lingesaba	lingesabe	—	lingesabe
Class 6	angesaba	—	engesaba	angesabe	—	engesabe
Class 7	singesaba	—	singesaba	singesabe	—	singesabe
Class 8	zingesaba	—	zingesaba	zingesabe	—	zingesabe
Class 9	ingesaba	—	ingesaba	ingesabe	—	ingesabe
Class 10	zingesaba	—	zingesaba	zingesabe	—	zingesabe
Class 11	lungesaba	—	lungesaba	lungesabe	—	lungesabe
Class 14	bungesaba	—	bungesaba	bungesabe	—	bungesabe
Class 15	kungesaba	—	kungesaba	kungesabe	—	kungesabe
Class 17	kungesaba	—	kungesaba	kungesabe	—	kungesabe
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokwesaba	engizokwesaba	ngizokwesaba	angizukwesaba	engingezukwesaba	ngingezukwesaba
2nd singular	uzokwesaba	ozokwesaba	uzokwesaba	awuzukwesaba	ongezukwesaba	ungezukwesaba
1st plural	sizokwesaba	esizokwesaba	sizokwesaba	asizukwesaba	esingezukwesaba	singezukwesaba
2nd plural	nizokwesaba	enizokwesaba	nizokwesaba	anizukwesaba	eningezukwesaba	ningezukwesaba
Class 1	uzokwesaba	ozokwesaba	ezokwesaba	akazukwesaba	ongezukwesaba	engezukwesaba
Class 2	bazokwesaba	abazokwesaba	bezokwesaba	abazukwesaba	abangezukwesaba	bengezukwesaba
Class 3	uzokwesaba	ozokwesaba	uzokwesaba	awuzukwesaba	ongezukwesaba	ungezukwesaba
Class 4	izokwesaba	ezokwesaba	izokwesaba	ayizukwesaba	engezukwesaba	ingezukwesaba
Class 5	lizokwesaba	elizokwesaba	lizokwesaba	alizukwesaba	elingezukwesaba	lingezukwesaba
Class 6	azokwesaba	azokwesaba	ezokwesaba	awazukwesaba	angezukwesaba	engezukwesaba
Class 7	sizokwesaba	esizokwesaba	sizokwesaba	asizukwesaba	esingezukwesaba	singezukwesaba
Class 8	zizokwesaba	ezizokwesaba	zizokwesaba	azizukwesaba	ezingezukwesaba	zingezukwesaba
Class 9	izokwesaba	ezokwesaba	izokwesaba	ayizukwesaba	engezukwesaba	ingezukwesaba
Class 10	zizokwesaba	ezizokwesaba	zizokwesaba	azizukwesaba	ezingezukwesaba	zingezukwesaba
Class 11	luzokwesaba	oluzokwesaba	luzokwesaba	aluzukwesaba	olungezukwesaba	lungezukwesaba
Class 14	buzokwesaba	obuzokwesaba	buzokwesaba	abuzukwesaba	obungezukwesaba	bungezukwesaba
Class 15	kuzokwesaba	okuzokwesaba	kuzokwesaba	akuzukwesaba	okungezukwesaba	kungezukwesaba
Class 17	kuzokwesaba	okuzokwesaba	kuzokwesaba	akuzukwesaba	okungezukwesaba	kungezukwesaba
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokwesaba	engiyokwesaba	ngiyokwesaba	angiyukwesaba	engingeyukwesaba	ngingeyukwesaba
2nd singular	uyokwesaba	oyokwesaba	uyokwesaba	awuyukwesaba	ongeyukwesaba	ungeyukwesaba
1st plural	siyokwesaba	esiyokwesaba	siyokwesaba	asiyukwesaba	esingeyukwesaba	singeyukwesaba
2nd plural	niyokwesaba	eniyokwesaba	niyokwesaba	aniyukwesaba	eningeyukwesaba	ningeyukwesaba
Class 1	uyokwesaba	oyokwesaba	eyokwesaba	akayukwesaba	ongeyukwesaba	engeyukwesaba
Class 2	bayokwesaba	abayokwesaba	beyokwesaba	abayukwesaba	abangeyukwesaba	bengeyukwesaba
Class 3	uyokwesaba	oyokwesaba	uyokwesaba	awuyukwesaba	ongeyukwesaba	ungeyukwesaba
Class 4	iyokwesaba	eyokwesaba	iyokwesaba	ayiyukwesaba	engeyukwesaba	ingeyukwesaba
Class 5	liyokwesaba	eliyokwesaba	liyokwesaba	aliyukwesaba	elingeyukwesaba	lingeyukwesaba
Class 6	ayokwesaba	ayokwesaba	eyokwesaba	awayukwesaba	angeyukwesaba	engeyukwesaba
Class 7	siyokwesaba	esiyokwesaba	siyokwesaba	asiyukwesaba	esingeyukwesaba	singeyukwesaba
Class 8	ziyokwesaba	eziyokwesaba	ziyokwesaba	aziyukwesaba	ezingeyukwesaba	zingeyukwesaba
Class 9	iyokwesaba	eyokwesaba	iyokwesaba	ayiyukwesaba	engeyukwesaba	ingeyukwesaba
Class 10	ziyokwesaba	eziyokwesaba	ziyokwesaba	aziyukwesaba	ezingeyukwesaba	zingeyukwesaba
Class 11	luyokwesaba	oluyokwesaba	luyokwesaba	aluyukwesaba	olungeyukwesaba	lungeyukwesaba
Class 14	buyokwesaba	obuyokwesaba	buyokwesaba	abuyukwesaba	obungeyukwesaba	bungeyukwesaba
Class 15	kuyokwesaba	okuyokwesaba	kuyokwesaba	akuyukwesaba	okungeyukwesaba	kungeyukwesaba
Class 17	kuyokwesaba	okuyokwesaba	kuyokwesaba	akuyukwesaba	okungeyukwesaba	kungeyukwesaba
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngesabe	ngingesabi
2nd singular	wesabe	ungesabi
1st plural	sesabe	singesabi
2nd plural	nesabe	ningesabi
Class 1	esabe	angesabi
Class 2	besabe	bangesabi
Class 3	wesabe	ungesabi
Class 4	yesabe	ingesabi
Class 5	lesabe	lingesabi
Class 6	esabe	angesabi
Class 7	sesabe	singesabi
Class 8	zesabe	zingesabi
Class 9	yesabe	ingesabi
Class 10	zesabe	zingesabi
Class 11	lwesabe	lungesabi
Class 14	besabe	bungesabi
Class 15	kwesabe	kungesabi
Class 17	kwesabe	kungesabi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngesaba	ngangesaba, angesaba, angangesaba
2nd singular	wesaba	wangesaba, awesaba, awangesaba
1st plural	sesaba	sangesaba, asesaba, asangesaba
2nd plural	nesaba	nangesaba, anesaba, anangesaba
Class 1	wesaba	wangesaba, akesaba, akangesaba
Class 2	besaba	bangesaba, abesaba, abangesaba
Class 3	wesaba	wangesaba, awesaba, awangesaba
Class 4	yesaba	yangesaba, ayesaba, ayangesaba
Class 5	lesaba	langesaba, alesaba, alangesaba
Class 6	esaba	angesaba, awesaba, awangesaba
Class 7	sesaba	sangesaba, asesaba, asangesaba
Class 8	zesaba	zangesaba, azesaba, azangesaba
Class 9	yesaba	yangesaba, ayesaba, ayangesaba
Class 10	zesaba	zangesaba, azesaba, azangesaba
Class 11	lwesaba	lwangesaba, alwesaba, alwangesaba
Class 14	besaba	bangesaba, abesaba, abangesaba
Class 15	kwesaba	kwangesaba, akwesaba, akwangesaba
Class 17	kwesaba	kwangesaba, akwesaba, akwangesaba

Alternative forms

-saba

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “esaɓa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “esaɓa (3.2.9)”