cunula

Northern Ndebele

Verb

-cúnula

1. to offend

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

From the ideophone cunu.

Verb

-cunula

1. (transitive) to disgust, to nauseate, to sicken
2. (transitive) to annoy, to harass, to irk, to pester, to upset, to vex

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukucunula
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukucunula	ukungacunuli
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	cunula	-cunule
Plural	cunulani	-cunuleni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyacunula, ngicunula	engicunulayo, engicunula	ngicunula	angicunuli	engingacunuli	ngingacunuli
2nd singular	uyacunula, ucunula	ocunulayo, ocunula	ucunula	awucunuli	ongacunuli	ungacunuli
1st plural	siyacunula, sicunula	esicunulayo, esicunula	sicunula	asicunuli	esingacunuli	singacunuli
2nd plural	niyacunula, nicunula	enicunulayo, enicunula	nicunula	anicunuli	eningacunuli	ningacunuli
Class 1	uyacunula, ucunula	ocunulayo, ocunula	ecunula	akacunuli	ongacunuli	engacunuli
Class 2	bayacunula, bacunula	abacunulayo, abacunula	becunula	abacunuli	abangacunuli	bengacunuli
Class 3	uyacunula, ucunula	ocunulayo, ocunula	ucunula	awucunuli	ongacunuli	ungacunuli
Class 4	iyacunula, icunula	ecunulayo, ecunula	icunula	ayicunuli	engacunuli	ingacunuli
Class 5	liyacunula, licunula	elicunulayo, elicunula	licunula	alicunuli	elingacunuli	lingacunuli
Class 6	ayacunula, acunula	acunulayo, acunula	ecunula	awacunuli	angacunuli	engacunuli
Class 7	siyacunula, sicunula	esicunulayo, esicunula	sicunula	asicunuli	esingacunuli	singacunuli
Class 8	ziyacunula, zicunula	ezicunulayo, ezicunula	zicunula	azicunuli	ezingacunuli	zingacunuli
Class 9	iyacunula, icunula	ecunulayo, ecunula	icunula	ayicunuli	engacunuli	ingacunuli
Class 10	ziyacunula, zicunula	ezicunulayo, ezicunula	zicunula	azicunuli	ezingacunuli	zingacunuli
Class 11	luyacunula, lucunula	olucunulayo, olucunula	lucunula	alucunuli	olungacunuli	lungacunuli
Class 14	buyacunula, bucunula	obucunulayo, obucunula	bucunula	abucunuli	obungacunuli	bungacunuli
Class 15	kuyacunula, kucunula	okucunulayo, okucunula	kucunula	akucunuli	okungacunuli	kungacunuli
Class 17	kuyacunula, kucunula	okucunulayo, okucunula	kucunula	akucunuli	okungacunuli	kungacunuli
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngicunulile, ngicunulē	engicunulile, engicunulē	ngicunulile, ngicunulē	angicunulanga	engingacunulanga	ngingacunulanga
2nd singular	ucunulile, ucunulē	ocunulile, ocunulē	ucunulile, ucunulē	awucunulanga	ongacunulanga	ungacunulanga
1st plural	sicunulile, sicunulē	esicunulile, esicunulē	sicunulile, sicunulē	asicunulanga	esingacunulanga	singacunulanga
2nd plural	nicunulile, nicunulē	enicunulile, enicunulē	nicunulile, nicunulē	anicunulanga	eningacunulanga	ningacunulanga
Class 1	ucunulile, ucunulē	ocunulile, ocunulē	ecunulile, ecunulē	akacunulanga	ongacunulanga	engacunulanga
Class 2	bacunulile, bacunulē	abacunulile, abacunulē	becunulile, becunulē	abacunulanga	abangacunulanga	bengacunulanga
Class 3	ucunulile, ucunulē	ocunulile, ocunulē	ucunulile, ucunulē	awucunulanga	ongacunulanga	ungacunulanga
Class 4	icunulile, icunulē	ecunulile, ecunulē	icunulile, icunulē	ayicunulanga	engacunulanga	ingacunulanga
Class 5	licunulile, licunulē	elicunulile, elicunulē	licunulile, licunulē	alicunulanga	elingacunulanga	lingacunulanga
Class 6	acunulile, acunulē	acunulile, acunulē	ecunulile, ecunulē	awacunulanga	angacunulanga	engacunulanga
Class 7	sicunulile, sicunulē	esicunulile, esicunulē	sicunulile, sicunulē	asicunulanga	esingacunulanga	singacunulanga
Class 8	zicunulile, zicunulē	ezicunulile, ezicunulē	zicunulile, zicunulē	azicunulanga	ezingacunulanga	zingacunulanga
Class 9	icunulile, icunulē	ecunulile, ecunulē	icunulile, icunulē	ayicunulanga	engacunulanga	ingacunulanga
Class 10	zicunulile, zicunulē	ezicunulile, ezicunulē	zicunulile, zicunulē	azicunulanga	ezingacunulanga	zingacunulanga
Class 11	lucunulile, lucunulē	olucunulile, olucunulē	lucunulile, lucunulē	alucunulanga	olungacunulanga	lungacunulanga
Class 14	bucunulile, bucunulē	obucunulile, obucunulē	bucunulile, bucunulē	abucunulanga	obungacunulanga	bungacunulanga
Class 15	kucunulile, kucunulē	okucunulile, okucunulē	kucunulile, kucunulē	akucunulanga	okungacunulanga	kungacunulanga
Class 17	kucunulile, kucunulē	okucunulile, okucunulē	kucunulile, kucunulē	akucunulanga	okungacunulanga	kungacunulanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngācunula	engācunula	ngācunula	angicunulanga	engingacunulanga	ngingacunulanga
2nd singular	wācunula	owācunula	wācunula	awucunulanga	ongacunulanga	ungacunulanga
1st plural	sācunula	esācunula	sācunula	asicunulanga	esingacunulanga	singacunulanga
2nd plural	nācunula	enācunula	nācunula	anicunulanga	eningacunulanga	ningacunulanga
Class 1	wācunula	owācunula	ācunula	akacunulanga	ongacunulanga	engacunulanga
Class 2	bācunula	abācunula	bācunula	abacunulanga	abangacunulanga	bengacunulanga
Class 3	wācunula	owācunula	wācunula	awucunulanga	ongacunulanga	ungacunulanga
Class 4	yācunula	eyācunula	yācunula	ayicunulanga	engacunulanga	ingacunulanga
Class 5	lācunula	elācunula	lācunula	alicunulanga	elingacunulanga	lingacunulanga
Class 6	ācunula	ācunula	ācunula	awacunulanga	angacunulanga	engacunulanga
Class 7	sācunula	esācunula	sācunula	asicunulanga	esingacunulanga	singacunulanga
Class 8	zācunula	ezācunula	zācunula	azicunulanga	ezingacunulanga	zingacunulanga
Class 9	yācunula	eyācunula	yācunula	ayicunulanga	engacunulanga	ingacunulanga
Class 10	zācunula	ezācunula	zācunula	azicunulanga	ezingacunulanga	zingacunulanga
Class 11	lwācunula	olwācunula	lwācunula	alucunulanga	olungacunulanga	lungacunulanga
Class 14	bācunula	obācunula	bācunula	abucunulanga	obungacunulanga	bungacunulanga
Class 15	kwācunula	okwācunula	kwācunula	akucunulanga	okungacunulanga	kungacunulanga
Class 17	kwācunula	okwācunula	kwācunula	akucunulanga	okungacunulanga	kungacunulanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingacunula	—	ngingacunula	ngingecunule	—	ngingecunule
2nd singular	ungacunula	—	ungacunula	ungecunule	—	ungecunule
1st plural	singacunula	—	singacunula	singecunule	—	singecunule
2nd plural	ningacunula	—	ningacunula	ningecunule	—	ningecunule
Class 1	angacunula	—	engacunula	angecunule	—	engecunule
Class 2	bangacunula	—	bengacunula	bangecunule	—	bengecunule
Class 3	ungacunula	—	ungacunula	ungecunule	—	ungecunule
Class 4	ingacunula	—	ingacunula	ingecunule	—	ingecunule
Class 5	lingacunula	—	lingacunula	lingecunule	—	lingecunule
Class 6	angacunula	—	engacunula	angecunule	—	engecunule
Class 7	singacunula	—	singacunula	singecunule	—	singecunule
Class 8	zingacunula	—	zingacunula	zingecunule	—	zingecunule
Class 9	ingacunula	—	ingacunula	ingecunule	—	ingecunule
Class 10	zingacunula	—	zingacunula	zingecunule	—	zingecunule
Class 11	lungacunula	—	lungacunula	lungecunule	—	lungecunule
Class 14	bungacunula	—	bungacunula	bungecunule	—	bungecunule
Class 15	kungacunula	—	kungacunula	kungecunule	—	kungecunule
Class 17	kungacunula	—	kungacunula	kungecunule	—	kungecunule
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizocunula	engizocunula	ngizocunula	angizucunula	engingezucunula	ngingezucunula
2nd singular	uzocunula	ozocunula	uzocunula	awuzucunula	ongezucunula	ungezucunula
1st plural	sizocunula	esizocunula	sizocunula	asizucunula	esingezucunula	singezucunula
2nd plural	nizocunula	enizocunula	nizocunula	anizucunula	eningezucunula	ningezucunula
Class 1	uzocunula	ozocunula	ezocunula	akazucunula	ongezucunula	engezucunula
Class 2	bazocunula	abazocunula	bezocunula	abazucunula	abangezucunula	bengezucunula
Class 3	uzocunula	ozocunula	uzocunula	awuzucunula	ongezucunula	ungezucunula
Class 4	izocunula	ezocunula	izocunula	ayizucunula	engezucunula	ingezucunula
Class 5	lizocunula	elizocunula	lizocunula	alizucunula	elingezucunula	lingezucunula
Class 6	azocunula	azocunula	ezocunula	awazucunula	angezucunula	engezucunula
Class 7	sizocunula	esizocunula	sizocunula	asizucunula	esingezucunula	singezucunula
Class 8	zizocunula	ezizocunula	zizocunula	azizucunula	ezingezucunula	zingezucunula
Class 9	izocunula	ezocunula	izocunula	ayizucunula	engezucunula	ingezucunula
Class 10	zizocunula	ezizocunula	zizocunula	azizucunula	ezingezucunula	zingezucunula
Class 11	luzocunula	oluzocunula	luzocunula	aluzucunula	olungezucunula	lungezucunula
Class 14	buzocunula	obuzocunula	buzocunula	abuzucunula	obungezucunula	bungezucunula
Class 15	kuzocunula	okuzocunula	kuzocunula	akuzucunula	okungezucunula	kungezucunula
Class 17	kuzocunula	okuzocunula	kuzocunula	akuzucunula	okungezucunula	kungezucunula
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyocunula	engiyocunula	ngiyocunula	angiyucunula	engingeyucunula	ngingeyucunula
2nd singular	uyocunula	oyocunula	uyocunula	awuyucunula	ongeyucunula	ungeyucunula
1st plural	siyocunula	esiyocunula	siyocunula	asiyucunula	esingeyucunula	singeyucunula
2nd plural	niyocunula	eniyocunula	niyocunula	aniyucunula	eningeyucunula	ningeyucunula
Class 1	uyocunula	oyocunula	eyocunula	akayucunula	ongeyucunula	engeyucunula
Class 2	bayocunula	abayocunula	beyocunula	abayucunula	abangeyucunula	bengeyucunula
Class 3	uyocunula	oyocunula	uyocunula	awuyucunula	ongeyucunula	ungeyucunula
Class 4	iyocunula	eyocunula	iyocunula	ayiyucunula	engeyucunula	ingeyucunula
Class 5	liyocunula	eliyocunula	liyocunula	aliyucunula	elingeyucunula	lingeyucunula
Class 6	ayocunula	ayocunula	eyocunula	awayucunula	angeyucunula	engeyucunula
Class 7	siyocunula	esiyocunula	siyocunula	asiyucunula	esingeyucunula	singeyucunula
Class 8	ziyocunula	eziyocunula	ziyocunula	aziyucunula	ezingeyucunula	zingeyucunula
Class 9	iyocunula	eyocunula	iyocunula	ayiyucunula	engeyucunula	ingeyucunula
Class 10	ziyocunula	eziyocunula	ziyocunula	aziyucunula	ezingeyucunula	zingeyucunula
Class 11	luyocunula	oluyocunula	luyocunula	aluyucunula	olungeyucunula	lungeyucunula
Class 14	buyocunula	obuyocunula	buyocunula	abuyucunula	obungeyucunula	bungeyucunula
Class 15	kuyocunula	okuyocunula	kuyocunula	akuyucunula	okungeyucunula	kungeyucunula
Class 17	kuyocunula	okuyocunula	kuyocunula	akuyucunula	okungeyucunula	kungeyucunula
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngicunule	ngingacunuli
2nd singular	ucunule	ungacunuli
1st plural	sicunule	singacunuli
2nd plural	nicunule	ningacunuli
Class 1	acunule	angacunuli
Class 2	bacunule	bangacunuli
Class 3	ucunule	ungacunuli
Class 4	icunule	ingacunuli
Class 5	licunule	lingacunuli
Class 6	acunule	angacunuli
Class 7	sicunule	singacunuli
Class 8	zicunule	zingacunuli
Class 9	icunule	ingacunuli
Class 10	zicunule	zingacunuli
Class 11	lucunule	lungacunuli
Class 14	bucunule	bungacunuli
Class 15	kucunule	kungacunuli
Class 17	kucunule	kungacunuli
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngacunula	ngangacunula, angacunula, angangacunula
2nd singular	wacunula	wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula
1st plural	sacunula	sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula
2nd plural	nacunula	nangacunula, anacunula, anangacunula
Class 1	wacunula	wangacunula, akacunula, akangacunula
Class 2	bacunula	bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula
Class 3	wacunula	wangacunula, awacunula, awangacunula
Class 4	yacunula	yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula
Class 5	lacunula	langacunula, alacunula, alangacunula
Class 6	acunula	angacunula, awacunula, awangacunula
Class 7	sacunula	sangacunula, asacunula, asangacunula
Class 8	zacunula	zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula
Class 9	yacunula	yangacunula, ayacunula, ayangacunula
Class 10	zacunula	zangacunula, azacunula, azangacunula
Class 11	lwacunula	lwangacunula, alwacunula, alwangacunula
Class 14	bacunula	bangacunula, abacunula, abangacunula
Class 15	kwacunula	kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula
Class 17	kwacunula	kwangacunula, akwacunula, akwangacunula

Derived terms

• isicunulo

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “cunula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “cunula (3.2.9)”