chwalu
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈχwalɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ˈχwa(ː)li/
- Rhymes: -alɨ̞
Verb
[edit]chwalu (first-person singular present chwalaf, not mutable)
- (transitive) to demolish
- Mae rhan o wal wedi'i chwalu gan fandaliaid.
- Part of a wall has been demolished by vandals.
- (ambitransitive) to shatter
- (ambitransitive) to crash
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | chwalaf | chweli | chwala | chwalwn | chwelwch, chwalwch | chwalant | chwelir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
chwalwn | chwalit | chwalai | chwalem | chwalech | chwalent | chwelid | |
| preterite | chwelais | chwelaist | chwalodd | chwalasom | chwalasoch | chwalasant | chwalwyd | |
| pluperfect | chwalaswn | chwalasit | chwalasai | chwalasem | chwalasech | chwalasent | chwalasid, chwalesid | |
| present subjunctive | chwalwyf | chwelych | chwalo | chwalom | chwaloch | chwalont | chwaler | |
| imperative | — | chwala | chwaled | chwalwn | chwelwch, chwalwch | chwalent | chwaler | |
| verbal noun | chwalu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | chwaledig chwaladwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | chwala i, chwalaf i | chwali di | chwalith o/e/hi, chwaliff e/hi | chwalwn ni | chwalwch chi | chwalan nhw |
| conditional | chwalwn i, chwalswn i | chwalet ti, chwalset ti | chwalai fo/fe/hi, chwalsai fo/fe/hi | chwalen ni, chwalsen ni | chwalech chi, chwalsech chi | chwalen nhw, chwalsen nhw |
| preterite | chwalais i, chwales i | chwalaist ti, chwalest ti | chwalodd o/e/hi | chwalon ni | chwaloch chi | chwalon nhw |
| imperative | — | chwala | — | — | chwalwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- chwalfa (“demolition, crash”)
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “chwalu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- Delyth Prys, J.P.M. Jones, Owain Davies, Gruffudd Prys (2006) Y Termiadur: termau wedi'u safoni; standardised terminology[1] (in Welsh), Cardiff: Awdurdod cymwysterau, cwricwlwm ac asesu Cymru (Qualifications curriculum & assessment authority for Wales), →ISBN, page 130