bnr

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (noun): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /biˈniɾ/ → /biˈnij/ → /bəˈneʔ/ → /βəˈneʔ/

• (noun): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /biˈniɾ/
• (noun): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /biˈnij/
• (noun): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /bəˈneʔ/
• (noun): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /βəˈneʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /bɛnɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: bener

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive, of taste) to be(come) sweet
2. (intransitive, of disposition) to be(come) pleasant or sweet

Inflection

Conjugation of bnr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: bnr, geminated stem: bnrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
bnr	bnrw, bnr	bnrt	bnr	bnr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
bnr	ḥr bnr	m bnr	r bnr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	bnr.n	consecutive	bnr.jn
terminative	bnrt
perfective3	bnr	obligative1	bnr.ḫr
imperfective	bnr
prospective3	bnr	potentialis1	bnr.kꜣ
subjunctive	bnr

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	bnr.n	—	—
perfective	bnr	bnr	bnr, bnrw5, bnry5
imperfective	bnr, bnry, bnrw5	bnr, bnrj6, bnry6	bnr, bnrw5
prospective	bnr, bnrtj7	bnrtj4, bnrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bnr  

bnr	bnrj

Noun

 m

1. date (fruit) [since the Old Kingdom]

Inflection

Declension of bnr (masculine)

singular	bnr
dual	bnrwj
plural	bnrw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of bnr  

bnr	bnr	bnr	bnrj	bnj	bnj	bnj	bnj	bnrj	bnw
[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]	[18th Dynasty]	[18th Dynasty]	[18th Dynasty]	[19th Dynasty]	[Greco-Roman Period]
				from the Kahun Papyri					from Dendera

Derived terms

• bnjw
• bnrt
• šn-bnr

 

Descendants

• Demotic: bn, bne, bny
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲃⲛⲛⲉ (bnne)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲃⲉⲛⲓ (beni)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲃⲏⲛⲓ (bēni), ⲃⲏⲛⲛⲓ (bēnni)
• → Old Nubian: ⲡⲉⲛⲧⲓ (penti)
  • Nobiin: féntí
  • → Midob: péendí
  • → Old Dongolawi: [Term?]
    • Dongolawi: benti
  • → Nyima:
    • Afitti: fɛ́nd̪a
    • Nyimang: fɛ̍nd̪i̍
• → Proto-Berber: *te-βăyne

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 461.12–461.16
• Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎^[2], volume B (02.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, page 47
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 53, 55