arswydo
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From arswyd (“horror, terror”) + -o.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /arˈsʊɨ̯dɔ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /arˈsʊi̯dɔ/
Verb
[edit]arswydo (first-person singular present arswydaf)
- (intransitive, with preposition rhag) to be afraid
- (transitive) to horrify, to appall
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
present indicative/future | arswydaf | arswydi | arswyda | arswydwn | arswydwch | arswydant | arswydir | |
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
arswydwn | arswydit | arswydai | arswydem | arswydech | arswydent | arswydid | |
preterite | arswydais | arswydaist | arswydodd | arswydasom | arswydasoch | arswydasant | arswydwyd | |
pluperfect | arswydaswn | arswydasit | arswydasai | arswydasem | arswydasech | arswydasent | arswydasid, arswydesid | |
present subjunctive | arswydwyf | arswydych | arswydo | arswydom | arswydoch | arswydont | arswyder | |
imperative | — | arswyda | arswyded | arswydwn | arswydwch | arswydent | arswyder | |
verbal noun | arswydo | |||||||
verbal adjectives | arswydedig arswydadwy |
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
future | arswyda i, arswydaf i | arswydi di | arswydith o/e/hi, arswydiff e/hi | arswydwn ni | arswydwch chi | arswydan nhw |
conditional | arswydwn i, arswydswn i | arswydet ti, arswydset ti | arswydai fo/fe/hi, arswydsai fo/fe/hi | arswyden ni, arswydsen ni | arswydech chi, arswydsech chi | arswyden nhw, arswydsen nhw |
preterite | arswydais i, arswydes i | arswydaist ti, arswydest ti | arswydodd o/e/hi | arswydon ni | arswydoch chi | arswydon nhw |
imperative | — | arswyda | — | — | arswydwch | — |
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. |
Mutation
[edit]Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
arswydo | unchanged | unchanged | harswydo |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “arswydo”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies