Wiktionary:About Sumerian
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Sumerian entries
[edit]Cuneiform
[edit]- Sumerian entries are always created in cuneiform script.
- The best practice is to copy/paste it from the ePSD2 site.
- To type cuneiform signs when you know their transliteration you can use one of the following online editors:
- We use the
{{sux-signs}}
template right under==Sumerian==
to link the individual signs in the term. See: ๐ผ๐ ๐ (ama-ar-giโ /โ amargiโ /) - In individual cuneiform entries (like ๐ผ (ama), ๐ญ (digฬir), etc.) we add the
{{sux-signsee}}
template under the===See also===
section (right before===References===
).
Transliteration
[edit]- We use the parameter
|tr=
in the{{head}}
,{{l}}
,{{m}}
, etc. templates to give the transliteration of Sumerian cuneiform signs. - We transliterate each cuneiform sign in lowercase, separated by a dash (-). See for example ๐๐ต๐ (a-ga-am /โ agamโ /).
- If more than one transliteration is possible for a sign, we can enter more then one by separating them with a comma (,). See for example ๐ (kaโ, kanโ /โ kanโ /).
- For indexing we use subscripts numbers (โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ). You can find them at the bottom of the edit window if you choose Akkadian and Sumerian from the drop-down menu on the left.
- We use the same transliteration system used by ePSD2, with the only exception of the sound /ล/, that we transliterate as gฬ. You can insert this letter by choosing Akkadian and Sumerian from the drop-down menu on the bottom left of the editing window and clicking on "gฬ" (or "Gฬ" if you need it capitalised). This is done to keep consistency with older transliteration/Akkadian sumerograms that might only have a g where more recent reconstructions have gฬ, and facilitate their searching. The character โจลโฉ used in some publications doesn't have the same flexibility.
- Determinatives will use the template
{{sup}}
. See for example ๐ญ๐๐ค (den-lilโ /โ Enlilโ /).
Normalisation
[edit]- We use the parameter
|ts=
in the{{head}}
,{{l}}
,{{m}}
, etc. templates to give the normalisation of a Sumerian word. A word's normalisation is the reconstructed "pronunciation" of a Sumerian word and correspond to the spelling of entries on ePSD2. See for example ๐๐๐ a'abak. - When a word's transliteration is identical to its normalisation, we will only use the transliteration parameter (
|tr=
. See for example ๐ฏ (mul). - When a word's transliteration is not identical to its normalisation, we will always indicate its normalisation, even if the only difference is the lack of an index. See for example ๐ณ (uruโ /โ uruโ /).
- Proper nouns are capitalised. See for example ๐๐ (eโ-ninnu /โ Eninnuโ /).
- To separate two vowels belonging to different elements of a compound, we use the straight apostrophe ( ' ). See for example ๐๐๐ (a'abak).
- We indicate vowel contraction with a circumflex (similarly to how it is done in normalizing Akkadian lemmas). See for example ๐ (ba /โ bรขโ /).
- Enclitic particles (case endings, possessives, etc) and verbal elements are written attached to the noun or verb they refer to without a dash. See for example ๐ ๐ (ki-ba /โ kibรขโ /) or ๐๐๐ (a'abak).
Verbs
[edit]In the following two cases, we use the {{sux-verb}}
template.
- Compound verbs
- Sumerian phrasal verbs (known in the field as "compound verbs") follow the layout of ๐ ๐ (ki agฬโ /โ ki agฬโ /).
- Verbs with reduplicated forms
Alternative forms
[edit]- Alternative forms are given using the
{{sux-alts}}
template right under==Sumerian==
(if they refer to the main entry) or under===Etymology===
if they refer to just one individual meaning of the entry. See for example ๐ฒ๐๐ญ (anลกekungaโ /โ kungaโ /) and ๐บ (tumโ /โ tumโ /).
Emesal
[edit]- Emesal words corresponding to Emegir (Standard Sumerian) entries are given using the template
{{sux-registers}}
. See for example ๐ (igi). For the template{{sux-registers}}
to work, you will need to add the corresponding Emegir and Emesal data to the list in Module:sux-registers/data (follow the format of previus entries).
References
[edit]- In this section we try to always give the link to the corresponding ePSD2 entry. We do so with the references template
{{R:sux:ePSD2|<--ePSD2 entry number-->|<--normalisation-->|<--meaning-->}}
. We only give the meaning when it's needed to differentiate two references that would otherwise have the same normalisation. See for example: - You can find the ePSD2 entry number by right-clicking on the normalisation of an ePSD2 entry and selecting copy link address. If you paste the address, you will get a string like this:
- javascript:p3Article('/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0023213.html')
- The entry number is the name of the html page minus ".html". In our example that would be: o0023213.
Further reading
[edit]- We use the
{{pedia}}
template to link eventual Wikipedia articles under this section. See an example at ๐ผ๐ ๐ (ama-ar-giโ /โ amargiโ /).
Romanization of cuneiform signs
[edit]- To facilitate searches of cuneiform signs by their transliteration, we use a simplified romanization system that represents all diacritics/subscript indexes in a way that makes them easy to type on a keyboard. This is identical to the one used on the ePSD2 site. Most letters are identical to the proper transliteration system. Here is a list of those that are different:
Transliteration Romanization gฬ j ลก sz แธซ h โ-โ 0 - 9 โ X (see for example: sigX)
- Here you can see all currently existing Sumerian romanisation entries: Category:Sumerian_romanizations
- There are still a lot of romanizations missing. If you find that a romanization doesn't exist, you can create it following the model of mesz3.
Grammars and dictionaries
[edit]Grammars
[edit]- A descriptive grammar of Sumerian, Abraham Hendrik Jagersma
- An Introduction to the Grammar of Sumerian, Gรกbor Zรณlyomi
- Introduction to Sumerian Grammar, Daniel A. Foxvog
Dictionaries
[edit]- The electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
- Elementary Sumerian Glossary, Daniel A. Foxvog
- Sumerian Lexicon, John A. Halloran
- List of Emesal words in ETCSL